आशापूर्णा देवी की जीवनी और सुवर्णलता का सारांश

               आशापूर्णा देवी की जीवनी और सुवर्णलता  का सारांश 

"सं 1940 में जब किसी लेखिका की पहली कहानी प्रकाशित हुई  तो  उस समय यह कोई नहीं जानता था की यह लेखिका बांग्ला ही नहीं वरन भारतीय कथा साहित्य के मंच पर एक ऐसे नक्षत्र का आविर्भाव हुआ है जो दीर्घकाल तक समाज की कुंठा, संकट, संघर्ष, और जिज्ञासा तथा  सामाजिक संबंधों के हर्ष, उल्लास और उत्कर्ष को नया मंच प्रदान करेगी यह लेखिका और कोई नहीं आशापूर्णा देवी है जिन्हे ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार से भी सम्मानित किया है 

आशापूर्णा देवी का जन्म 8 जनवरी 1909 को पश्चिमी बंगाल के कलकत्ता में हुआ था  बचपन से ही उन्हें पढ़ने-लिखने शौक था अतएव १३ वर्ष की आयु से उन्होंने लेखन कार्य आरम्भ कर दिया उनकी अपनी एक विशिष्ट शैली थी उनकी रचनाओं और उपन्यासों के  चरित्रों का रेखांकन और उनके मनोभावों को व्यक्त करते समय वे यथार्थवादिता को बनाये रखती थीं इन्होने लगभग २२५ कृतियां लिखी है तथा इनका चर्चित उपन्यास प्रथम प्रतिश्रुति जिसके के लिए इन्हे ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार भी मिला इसी पुस्तक में दूरदर्शन पर सीरियल भी बना था 

वास्तव में आशापूर्णा देवी ने बंगाल के हिन्दू समाज की घर गृहस्थी ,आचार विचार , रीति - रिवाज धार्मिक वैचारिक तथा उस कम से कम सौ साल के युग का चिंतन उन्होंने तीन खण्डों में तीन नायिकों द्वारा अपने तीन उपन्यासों में चित्रित किया है !

पहला युग जिसकी नायिका है सत्यवती जो सुवर्णलता की माँ है जिन्हे अपनी एकमात्र पुत्री सुवर्ण को समस्त बाधाएं रहते हुए भी उसे शिक्षित करने की अभिलाषा है किन्तु सुवर्ण का विवाह मात्र नौ वर्ष की आयु में सत्यवती की जानकारी बिना ही कर देने के कारन उन्हें गृह तयाग करना पड़ता है 

इसके बाद के युग की नायिका है सुवर्णलता जो उस काल की समस्त कठिनाइयों के बाद भी अपनी बेटी बकुल को पढ़ाती है तथा उसके बाद का उपन्यास है बकुल कथा जिसकी नायिका है बकुल ..

उनकी कुछ महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें क्रमश: अधूरे सपने, अनोखा प्रेम, अपने अपने दर्पण में, अमर प्रेम, अविनश्वर, आनन्द धाम, उदास मन, कभी पास कभी दूर, कसौटी, काल का प्रहार, किर्चियाँ, कृष्ण चूड़ा का वृक्ष आदि है !

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TALL AND SHORT BUILDINGS

TALL AND SHORT BUILDINGS

Tall buildings represent one of the greatest marvels and characteristics of our modern times ,but they did not appear overnight. There existence is the result of continuous innovation, discovery and experimentation.

There is much architectural and engineering literature which discuses the virtues of exterior bracing diagrid systems in regards to sustainability –two systems which generally  reduce building materials, enhance structural performance, and decrease overall construction cost .By surveying past ,present as well as possible future towers ,it examines other attributes of these structural systems –the blend of structural functionality and aesthetics .given the external nature of these structural systems , diargids and exterior bracings can visually communicate the inherent structural logic of this building while also surveying the as a medium for artistic effect.

Viewed in this light , visual appeal of this systems can be enhanced to give a tower more distinct identity . This entails the creation of structural elements that are aesthetically pleasing , geometrically coherent and demonstrate dexterity of application in regards to a building’s composition while also respecting the laws of physics and mechanics. In this fashion , an artistic approach can exhibit structural systems as not just purely rational features that enable to construction of tall buildings, but as important visual components can be afford opportunities for creation of expressions.

Hence , we should synthesis the concepts of structural performance and creative artistry to facilitate a better understanding of the aesthetic developments in tall buildings. Building design at its visionary best engages  , exhilarates and inspires . it posses quality-almost indescribable-that embodies design ingenuity , connection to place and above all imagination.

NANDINI SHAW

SLUM HOUSES

The international community has long come to a consensus of what constitutes ‘poverty’ and goals to end it have been set and reiterated over time- poverty is a state of deprivation of basic human needs . the idea of ‘housing poverty’ is analogus in that there is benchmark in terms of requirements such as assured supply of water and electricity , minimum amount of space and sanitation and hygiene.

The way to conceptualise housing poverty is by defining what constitutes adequate housing . This covers basic amenities such as electricity , water supply , sanitation and even also sewage management . It also extends to the need for enough income to be able  to access a housing loan or even rent a house . Housing poverty affects one’s ability to access employment , and social relations . therefore , formulating policies to tackle urban housing shortage must focus on expanding freedoms to enable people to function normally – this includes access to employment an social security , access to housing loans , tenure security , hygiene , and disease free  surroundings , clean water, parks and open spaces and social relations.

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed , decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure , inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. It is a part of the society where the housing quality is low quality and living conditions are poor .While slums differ in size and other characteristics , most lack reliable electricity , law enforcement , and other basic services .Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dewellings , which , because of poor quality construction or provison of basic maintenance have deteriorated.

                                                                                                                 NANDINI SHAW

TYPES OF CEMENT

                                 TYPES OF CEMENT

Name of structure	Name of cement	Why
Construction and masonary work	Ordinay Portland cement	As it consists of silicates of alumina and calcium carbonates
Marine structures and dam construction	Portland pozzalana cement	It consists of gypsum and pozzalanic materials which gives it power of hydrating cement
Construction of pavement	Rapid hardening cement	It has high strength because of the presence of Tri-calcium silicates in high amount in OPC.its initial setting time is 30 minutes  and final 600 minutes so used for rapid construction projects
Underwater construction and construction in rainy seasons	Quick setting cement	It consists of clinker and aluminium silicate which increases the hydration power of silicate.its initial setting time is 5 minutes and final 30 minutes
Construction of chemical plants and wind turbine plinths	Low heat cement	It produces low heat during setting time and it has reduced heat of hydration.
Effluent treatment plans , chimney , water storage , cooling towers	Sulphate resisting cement	As it reduces sulphet attacks in concrete
Seawater construction	Blast furnance cement	As it is highly sulphate resistant
Construction of workshops	High alumina cement	It contains high amounts of alumina and lime and can be subjected to high temperatures
Construction of traffic barriers and swimming pools	White cement	As it has good colour
Tunnel and submerged construction	Hydrophobic cent	As it contains clinkers with water repellent film substances and so it resists hydration process.these chemicals form a layer on the cement particles and do not allow water to mix andstart the hydration process.

                                      NANDINI SHAW

95+ SERIES COMMERCE WITH UNNATI

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Meaning of human activity-Human activity mean all those activity which are undertaken to satisfy human wants.these activities continue throughout  life because wants are unending,unlimited and recurring.

The main characteristics of human activities are-

1.Human activities are those activities which are undertaken only by human beings.

2.Human activities involve human efforts.

those human activities which are undertaken to earn aliving and thereby satisfy human wants.The main object of this activity is to earn income and create wealth.Economic activity is concerned with the production,distribution and exchange of goods and services.These activities create utilities and result in the production of wealth.Economic activities are also called occupations.

https://imojo.in/21makhe      short notes of the CHAPTER