PARTNERSHIP

The partnership doesn't create a separate legal unit; a partnership is just a grouping of individual. Partnership is thus an extension of sole proprietorship.

FEATURES OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

1. Two or more persons: There must be at least two persons to form a partnership. The maximum number of persons in a partnership should not exceed 10 in case of banking business and 20 in other types of business. A firm cannot become a partner of another firm though its partners can join any other firm as partners.

2. Agreement: Partnership is the outcome of an agreement between persons. The relation of partnership arises from the formation of a contract.

3. Lawful business: A partnership can be formed only for the purpose of carrying on a business.

4. Sharing of profits: The agreement between the partners must be to share the profits of business.

5. Mutual agency: Partnership business can be carried on by all the partners or by any of them acting on behalf of the others.

6. Utmost good faith: The relations between partners are based upon mutual trust and confidence.

7. Unlimited liability: Every partner is jointly and severally liable to an unlimited extend for the debts of the partnership firm.

8. Restriction on transfer of interest: No partner can transfer his share in the partnership without the prior consent of all other partners.

9. Joint ownership and control: A partnership is owned and controlled jointly by all the partners.

10. Separate entity: A partnership firm has no legal entity separate from the partners.

FORMATION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM- PARTNERSHIP DEED

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons. Even the registration of partnership is not compulsory. This relationship is based upon mutual trust and good faith. The agreement between the partners is to carry on a lawful business and to share the profits therefrom. In order to avoid disputes, the agreement should be in writing, Though the law does not require the agreement to be in writing. In the absence of such an agreement the rights and duties of partners are determined by the partnership Act 1932.

PARTNERSHIP DEED

It is a document containing the terms and conditions of a partnership. It defines the rights, duties and obligations of partners and governs relations among them in the conduct of business affairs of the firm. It is not a public document. A written agreement is helpful in preventing and resolving disputes among the partners.

A partnership deed usually contains the following clauses:

1. Name of the Firm.

2. Nature of the firm's business

3. The principal place of business

4. Duration of partnership, if any

5. Names and addresses of partners.

REGISTRATION OF PARTNERSHIP

Registration of a partnership firm is not compulsory under law. The Partnership Act 1932 provides that if the partners so desire they may register the firm with the registrar of firms of the state in which the main office of the firm is situated. A firm may be registered at the time of its formation or at any time thereafter.

PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION

In order to get a partnership firm registered an application in the prescribed form must be filed with the Registrar of firms. The application should contain the following information:

1. The name of the firm

2. The principle place of business of the firm

3. Names of other places where the firm's business is carried on

4. The date on which each partner joined the firm.

5. Duration of partnership, if any.

TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP

There are four kinds of partnership:

1. General Partnership : In a general partnership, the liability of each partner is unlimited. In India all partnership firms are general partnerships. Each partner of a general partnership is entitled to take active part in the management of the firm, unless otherwise decided by the other partners.

2. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) : Limited partnership is not allowed in India under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008. The chief characteristics of a limited liability partnership are as follows:

1. A limited liability partnership must be registered under the Act with a minimum of two partners. There is no limit on the maximum number of partners.

2. An LLP is a body corporate having a separate legal entity and perpetual succession.

3. In an LLP the liability of partners is limited to their agreed contributions to the LLP. No partner is liable on account of any unauthorised or independent actions of other partners.

4. An LLP must maintain annual accounts reflecting the true and fair view of its state and affairs.

ADVANTAGES

1. An LLP is a separate legal entity independent of the partners. It is capable of owing and holding property in its own name.

2. It is much more stable than a general partnership because it is not dissolved by the retirement, insolvency, death, etc. of a partner. It enjoys perpetual existence.

3. The Liability of partners in LLP is limited, they have not to take unlimited risk.

4. A body corporate can be a partner in LLP.

5. A partner is not liable for unauthorised acts of other partners.

DISADVANTAGES

1. It cannot raise capital from the public.

2. There is less secrecy of business affairs as it has to fulfil legal requirements.

3. There is less flexibility of operations due to some legal formalities.

3. PARTNERSHIP AT WILL : It is a partnership formed for an indefinite period. The time period or the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of its formation. It can continue for any length of time depending upon the will of the partners. It can be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit the firm.

4. Particular partnership : It is a partnership formed for a specific time period or to achieve a specified objective. It is automatically dissolved on the expiry of the specified period or on the completion of the specific purpose for which it was formed.

TYPES OF PARTNERS

1. Active or working partner : Such a partner contributes capital and also takes active part in the management of the firm.

2. Sleeping or dormant partner : A sleeping or silent partner simply contributes capital. He does not take active part in the management of the firm. He shares in the profits or losses of the firm. His liability for the firm's debts is unlimited. He is not known to the outside world.

3. Secret partner : This type of partner contributes capital and takes active part in the management of the firm's business. He shares in the profits and losses of firm and his liability is unlimited. However, his connection with the firm is not known to the outside world.

4. Limited partner : The liability of such a partner is limited to the extend of his share in the capital and profits of the firm. He is not entitled to take active part in the management of the firm's business.

5. Partners in the profits only : He shares in the profits of the firm but not in the losses. But his liability for the firm's debts is unlimited. Such a partner is associated for his money and goodwill.

6. Nominal or ostensible or quasi partner : Such a partner neither contributes capital nor takes part in the management in the business. He does not share in the profits or losses of the firm. A nominal partner can be of two types :

(a) Partner by estoppel : A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advance money to the firm on the basis of representation.

(b) Partner by holding out : When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after becoming aware of it, he becomes liable to third parties who lent money or credit to the firm on the basis of such a declaration.

7. Minor as a partner : A  minor is a person who has not completed 18 years of age. A minor cannot become a partner because he is not qualified to enter into a contract.

8. Sub partner : He is a third person with whom a partner agrees to share his profits desired from the firm. He does not take part in the management of the firm. He is not liable for the firm's debts.

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF PARTNERS

The rights and obligation of partners are generally laid down in the partnership deed. In case the partnership deed does not specify them, then the partners will have rights and obligations prescribed in the Partnership Act. These are given below :

RIGHTS OF PARTNERS

1. Right to take part in the conduct and management.

2. Right to be consulted and express his opinion.

3. Right to have access to, inspect and copy any books of accounts.

4. Right to an equal share in the profits.

5. Right to receive interest on loans and advances.

DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF PARTNERS

1. Every partner must act in a just and faithful manner towards each other.

2. Every partner must act within the scope of the authority entrusted to him.

IMPLIED AUTHORITY OF A PARTNER

A partner has the implied authority to do the following acts on behalf of his firm :

1. To buy, sell and pledge goods on behalf of the firm.

2. To raise loans on the security of such assets.

3. To receive payments of debts due to the firm.

4. To engage servants for the firm's business.

However, a partner has no implied authority, unless otherwise expressed in the partnership deed, in the following matters :

1. To submit a dispute relating to the firm to arbitration.

2. To withdraw a suit or proceeding filed on behalf of the firm.

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

A partnership firm may be dissolved in any of the following ways :

1. Dissolution by agreement

2. Dissolution by notice

3. Contingent dissolution : A firm may be dissolved on the happening of any of the following contingencies :

1. On the expiry of the term, if it is for a fixed period.

2. On the death of a partner.

3. On the adjudication of a partner as insolvent.

4. Compulsory dissolution : A firm stands automatically dissolved in the following cases :

1. When all partners or all but one partner are declared insolvent.

2. When the business of the firm becomes unlawful due to the happening of an event.

5. Dissolution through Court : Court may order the dissolution of a firm in the following cases :

1. When a partner becomes of unsound mind.

2. When a partner becomes permanently incapable of performing his duties as a partner.

MERITS OF PARTNERSHIP

1. Ease of formation

2. Larger financial resources

3. Combined abilities and judgement

4. Direct motivation

5. Close supervision

6. Flexibility of operations

7. Secrecy

8. Protection of minority interest

9. Cooperation

10. Scope for expansion

DEMERITS OF PARTNERSHIP

1. Limited Resources

2. Unlimited Liability

3. Uncertain Life

4. Conflicts

5. Risk of implied authority

6. Restriction on transfer of interest

7. Reduced public confidence

8. Lack of secrecy

9. Suitability..

TO BE CONTINUED IN INSTAMOJO BOOK

 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Sole proprietorship is a business which is owned, and usually managed by one person.

CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLE TRADER

The main characteristics of sole proprietorship are the following :

1. Single ownership : A single-owner concern is owned and run by only one person. It is he who takes all the risk of business. He provides both financial capital and manages the business himself.

2. No separate identity : The sole proprietor owns every asset of the business and is liable for every debt or loan. Thus, the owner is identified with the business. He has no separate legal status or entity.

3. Seed capital : Initial finance, called seed capital, is provided by the owner himself from his personal sources.

4. Formation : It is fairly easy to start a sole proprietary concern without undergoing any legal formalities.

5. Risk bearing : The sole proprietor has to bear all the risks associated with his business.

6. Unlimited liability : The owner of a sole proprietor form  of enterprise is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm and this liability is unlimited.

7. Management and control : In the business, management and control are vested in one person.

8. Continuity : The life of a sole tradership firm depends solely upon what happens to its proprietor.

FORMATION OF SOLE TRADER BUSINESS

Sole trader business is started at the initiative of a single individual. He prepares the business plan or the blueprints of his prospective venture and makes arrangement for the necessary finance or seed capital.

OBJECTIVES OF SOLE TRADERING BUSINESS

1. To create self-employment opportunities : Sole trading business gives people an opportunity to create self-employment opportunities by being their own bosses and work with dignity and self-respect by having full-say and complete control over the business as owner-entrepreneur.

2. To fruitfully utilise surplus funds : A person having surplus liquidity may start sole proprietorship business to make productive use of his idle funds.

3. Independent living : Sole trading business offers ample opportunity for a person to make independent living and enjoy the psychic satisfaction and pride of ownership.

4. To serve and please customer : By operating at the grass-root level, a sole trader is involved in direct interaction with his customer.

5. Equity : Sole trading business helps to promote equity or distributive justice by ensuring fair share of income and wealth among a large number of people.

6. Support to large business : Sole proprietorship units supply inputs and provide and ancillary services to big firms as is mostly found in china, Korea and India.

MERITS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Sole proprietorship are the easiest kinds of business to start.

A sole proprietorship concerns offers the following advantages to its owner : 

1. Ease of starting and ending the business : The establishment of a sole tradership concern is fairly easy.

2. Being one's one boss : Working for others does not have the same excitement as working for oneself.

3. Pride of ownership : People who own and manage their own business take pride in their work. They deserve all the credit for taking the risks and supplying necessary goods and services.

4. Leaving a legacy : Owners can leave an ongoing business for future generations.

5. Retention of company profit : Owners not only keep the profits earned, but also benefit from the increasing value as the business grows.

6. No special taxes : All the profits of a sole proprietorship are taxed as the personal income of the owner and the owner pays the normal income tax on that company.

7. Flexibility of operations : Since the proprietor is the sole decision-taker and has no need to consult colleagues when policy are required, this type of organisation is extremely flexible and capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes taking place in market conditions.

8. Maintaining secrecy : It is easy to maintain secrecy in business. The affairs of such business are not made publicly known.

9. Operational efficiency : The strength of this type of organisation lies in the direct personal interest of the proprietor in the efficiency of his enterprise.

10. Self-employment : Sole proprietorship gives self-employment opportunities to persons of modest means having necessary professional skills.

DEMERITS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

1. Unlimited liability : Unlimited liability refers to the responsibility of business owners for all of the debts of the business.

2. Limited financial resources : Another disadvantage of this type of business is the strict limitation on its ability to acquire capital for expansion.

3. Management problems : A business can be efficiently run by professional managers.

4. Huge time commitment : Sole proprietors have little time to do anything else in life due to less overwhelming time commitment for running the business.

5. Few fringe benefits : The sole owner of a firm loses the fringe benefits which often come with working for others.

6. Limited growth : Expansion of a single-owner firm is slow and sporadic.

7. Limited life span : If the sole proprietor dies, become physically unfit, or retires the business ceases to exist.

8. Lack of specialisation : Since the sole trader takes all business decisions without consulting others, there is, at times, excessive pressure on him.

9. Uncertain failure : The future of a sole trader is uncertain.

10. Lack of stability : Finally, sole proprietorship is not a stable form of business for various reasons.

SUTABILITY

The one man control is the best in this world if that man is big enough to manage everything. Therefore, sole proprietorship is suitable form of organisation in the following cases:

(a) Where the market is local.

(b) Where personal attention to the needs and preferences of the customer is essential.

(c) Where fashions change very frequently.

(d) Where small amount of capital is required but personal skills are more important.

(e) Where quick decision and prompt action are necessary.

(f) Where risk involved is negligible.

SOCIAL UTILITY

The sole proprietorship form of business is socially desirable due to following reasons:

(a) It prevents concentration of economic power in few hands through a more equitable distributions of wealth in the society.

(b) It provides opportunity for self employment with limited investment.

(c) It offers employment to a large number of people in society.

(d) It facilitates the growth of cottage and small scale industries.

(e) It facilitates balanced regional development of the country.

EXPANSION OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

1. Employment of paid Assistant- When the sole proprietorship employs a paid assistant, he has the following advantages and disadvantages:

ADVANTAGES

(a) Division of work

(b) No share in profits

(c) Complete control

(d) Secrecy

(e) Easy to dismiss

DISADVANTAGES

(a) Lack of motivation

(b) Lack of responsibility

(c) Problem of capital

(d) Competition

ADMISSION OF A PARTNER

ADVANTAGES

(a) Availability of capital

(b) Division of work

(c) Motivation

(d) Reduced risk

(e) Economy of costs

DISADVANTAGES

(a) Division of profits

(b) Loss of freedom

(c) Lack of secrecy

(d) Difficulty in removing partner

(e) Source of disputes

CAUSES FOR SURVIVAL OF SOLE TRADER

1. Human inertia

2. Personal motivation

3. Desire for independence

4. Nature of market

5. Need for personal attention

6. Nature of manufacturing process

7. ancillary industry

8. Retainer system

 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ORGANISATION

BUSINESS UNDERTAKING

A business undertaking is an organisation which is engaged in some business or commercial activity. It may be owned and controlled by a single individual or by a group of individual or by a group of individuals. It may be based upon an informal agreement or it may be a formal association of persons. Every business undertaking is a separate and distinct unit of business. It has its own  identity and separate ownership. It can be distinguished from other undertakings or on the basis of its ownership, management and control.

CHARACTERSTICS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

Features of business organisations are:-

1. Separate identity : Any type of business undertakings has an identity of its own. It has distinct name and it exists as a separate entity with its own assets and liabilities and thus separate accounts.

2. Independent ownership : A business undertaking is owned by private individuals or the government who are which make initial contribution of capital. Thus, every business firm or company has an independent ownership.

3. Independent management : Every business or undertaking has its own independent management depending on the form of organisation, legal status as also nature and size of business or scale of operation.

4. Risk taking : Any type of business undertaken involves risk. Profit is the reward for risk taking and uncertainty bearing. Some risks are no doubt covered through insurance. Others are borne by the owners. Such risks are known as uninsurable risks or uncertainties.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Business organisations may be classified in broad three categories :-

1. PRIVATE SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : These are financed, owned, operated and controlled by private persons. Their main characteristics are the following :-

(a) Private ownership and control : A private sector undertaking is solely owned and completely controlled by either one individual or a group of individuals jointly.

(b) profit motive : The main motive of this organisation is to earn profit.

(c) No state participation : There is no question of participation by the central or state governments int he ownership and control of any private sector undertaking.

(d) Private finance : The seed capital of a private sector undertaking is provided by its owners, i.e. , by a single person in the case of a sole proprietorship or by the  partner in the case of partnership, and by making public issue of shares and debentures  in the case of  a joint stock company.

(e) Independent management : A private sector undertaking is managed by its owners directly or indirectly, i.e., directly by the owners in the case of sole proprietorship and partnership and indirectly by the board of directors who appoint professional managers who are salaried persons. The board members are appointed by the shareholders who, in turn, appoint or heir the managerial staff.

2. PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : These undertakings are owned either by the central or by state  government. The common characteristics are:-

(a) State ownership : Public undertakings are fully owned by the governments or by any public authority.

(b) Government control : The ultimate control of a public sector undertaking is exercised by the government.

(c) Service motive : The basic objective of a public sector undertaking is to serve the society and promote public welfare with minimum profit.

(d) State financing : The government provides initial capital and funds through appropriations from its budget. The government may also extend loan its own enterprises from the exchequer as and when needed.

(e) Public accountability : Public sector undertakings are accountable to the public for their yearly performance and operational results.

3. JOINT SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : Joint sector consist of business undertakings wherein the ownership control and management is shared jointly by the central or the state governments and by the private entrepreneurs and occasionally the general public.

The main characteristics of joint sector enterprise are:-

(a) Mixed ownership : The government, private entrepreneurs and the investing public jointly own such enterprise.

(b) Joint management : The management and control of such an enterprise  lies with the nominees or representatives of the government, private investor(s) and the public.

(c) Sharing of capital : The capital is shared by the government, private business persons and the general public in certain proportions as noted above. The basic idea is to pull the huge financial resources and technical know-how of the state private individuals.

4. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP : Public-private partnerships are government services or business ventures that are funded and managed through a partnership of government and one or more private-sector companies. There are two main types of public-private partnerships (ppp) :

(a) GOVERNMENT FUNDED : In these ventures, the government provides all or part of the funding, but the management of the organisation will be by a private business that will use private-sector methods and techniques to control it as efficiently as possible.

(b) PRIVATE-SECTOR FUNDED : In these ventures, which often involve large sums of capital investment, the government is relived of the financial burden of finding taxpayers money to pay for the project. Once the assets have been paid for, they are then managed and controlled by a government department.

FORMS OF PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS

A business can take a number of 'legal' forms such as the following :

1. Sole proprietorship : This type of business is owned and controlled by a single person. Its owner may be the only employee, perhaps operating a small convenience store, barber-shop, or speciality shop. Or, the owner may hire several employees to staff a larger business such as a restaurant, an auto service station, or a home construction enterprise. The sole proprietorship is the most common type of business.

2. joint Hindu family firm : The Hindu undivided Family (HUF) is a form of business organisation in which the family is endowed with some property through inheritance and the 'Karta', the head of the family, manages its day-to-day affairs.

3. Partnership : A partnership business owned and controlled by two or more persons who any parties to a particular agreement. Each of them has a financial interest in the firm.

4. Joint stock company : A joint stock company is a business owned by a group of share holders and its capital is divided up into a number of shares.

5. Cooperative society : A cooperative society is a business, owned and controlled by a group of persons called members such as workers' cooperative, farmers' cooperative or even housing cooperative.

CHOICE OF THE FORM OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

1. Nature and sphere of activities

2. Need for seed capital

3. Scale of operations

4. Ease of stating a business

5. Area of activity

6. Extent of liability

7. Continuity of business

8. Professionalism in management

9. Types of control of business

10. Secrecy of business

 

UPLOADED PLAYLIST OF KAHANYAN & UPNYAS IN HINDI

*KAMALA  UPNYAS*

  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-Nfl62LBje8NxN-zLAeToci

*BRAHMAN KI BETI UPNYAS*

  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PbEYZCUh8PWM_Xblahtjd7

DHUKHAM SUKHAM UPNYAS 

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MIpO4d8jkQKDLhtCJ4oFEE

CHANDRANATH UPNYAS 

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PjVlcxWkNsvBTPPrLb46kp

RAVINDRA KALIA KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYA 

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PwQHQs6QExJ05_UDTRs3X0

KAMTANATH KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-NplYVfO-sWE3Lr8EBX00YY

GANGA MAIYAA  UPNYAS
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PTng_lcDB3Pfke8d8VtBqx

BHAIRAV PRASAD GUPT KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-P0JyQ9_gv22gZh_jub6bvl

AGAYEE JI KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-NElzq5EsrV9gZZniC3Um6r

MAHADEVI VERMA JI KI KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MxncRxnXWt8keKHiw9HZiB

*BHAGWATI CHARAN VERMA ki kahaniyan: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PhgQ9_2Lag85FAGYrp6fD2

GHAR (VIBUTHI NARAYAN RAI): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-OG836b3OonF4hj4ZWZ5_D9

AMRIT LAL NAGAR KI KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-ObvXv8ovrRhokV0c7YCg5c

NAYA RAASTA: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-M9PqqmUetSu_Q_cljdJhTB

SWADESH DEEPAK KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PuEFNumoMxcn30628sPB7y

KAMLESHWAR KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PQD_EQUzIPIsJX6pPagsQo

पुनरागमनायाच: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-Po-pENxZRDKBfkgWFXi4E5

SHRIKANT VERMA KI KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-Pdv97dAuS8CjLoGqSL8zxP

SHRIKANT VERMA KI KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MKhe-f3vLbffMQdTZIjmoX

GABAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-O07lnW9W9ZTIEGnQ6xd4xJ

HARI BHATNAGAR KI KAHANIYAN: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-OSdO5jwiLiLqhLcdQQR98f

*DWIJENDRA NATH MISHRA NIRGUN ki kahaniyan: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-NIVqjWgfCl7b9loMZMOhpb

*SHANNI KI KAHANIYAN*

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MfS7TNn3MIl4vrG1xdMb4t

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MEqdbPAfz1mgNMS4hlf9l2

Sharlock homes ki kahaniyan

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-Pp3CaGQrf0w36m-f64kwAw

RAMDRSH MISHR KI LOKPRIYA KAHANIYAN

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PqAaDf_vY_sni46vaM_Hj3

BAKUL KATHA

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-OM1a8cVjeUhUK39CMMwhsh

आशापूर्णा देवी की जीवनी और सुवर्णलता का सारांश

               आशापूर्णा देवी की जीवनी और सुवर्णलता  का सारांश 

"सं 1940 में जब किसी लेखिका की पहली कहानी प्रकाशित हुई  तो  उस समय यह कोई नहीं जानता था की यह लेखिका बांग्ला ही नहीं वरन भारतीय कथा साहित्य के मंच पर एक ऐसे नक्षत्र का आविर्भाव हुआ है जो दीर्घकाल तक समाज की कुंठा, संकट, संघर्ष, और जिज्ञासा तथा  सामाजिक संबंधों के हर्ष, उल्लास और उत्कर्ष को नया मंच प्रदान करेगी यह लेखिका और कोई नहीं आशापूर्णा देवी है जिन्हे ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार से भी सम्मानित किया है 

आशापूर्णा देवी का जन्म 8 जनवरी 1909 को पश्चिमी बंगाल के कलकत्ता में हुआ था  बचपन से ही उन्हें पढ़ने-लिखने शौक था अतएव १३ वर्ष की आयु से उन्होंने लेखन कार्य आरम्भ कर दिया उनकी अपनी एक विशिष्ट शैली थी उनकी रचनाओं और उपन्यासों के  चरित्रों का रेखांकन और उनके मनोभावों को व्यक्त करते समय वे यथार्थवादिता को बनाये रखती थीं इन्होने लगभग २२५ कृतियां लिखी है तथा इनका चर्चित उपन्यास प्रथम प्रतिश्रुति जिसके के लिए इन्हे ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार भी मिला इसी पुस्तक में दूरदर्शन पर सीरियल भी बना था 

वास्तव में आशापूर्णा देवी ने बंगाल के हिन्दू समाज की घर गृहस्थी ,आचार विचार , रीति - रिवाज धार्मिक वैचारिक तथा उस कम से कम सौ साल के युग का चिंतन उन्होंने तीन खण्डों में तीन नायिकों द्वारा अपने तीन उपन्यासों में चित्रित किया है !

पहला युग जिसकी नायिका है सत्यवती जो सुवर्णलता की माँ है जिन्हे अपनी एकमात्र पुत्री सुवर्ण को समस्त बाधाएं रहते हुए भी उसे शिक्षित करने की अभिलाषा है किन्तु सुवर्ण का विवाह मात्र नौ वर्ष की आयु में सत्यवती की जानकारी बिना ही कर देने के कारन उन्हें गृह तयाग करना पड़ता है 

इसके बाद के युग की नायिका है सुवर्णलता जो उस काल की समस्त कठिनाइयों के बाद भी अपनी बेटी बकुल को पढ़ाती है तथा उसके बाद का उपन्यास है बकुल कथा जिसकी नायिका है बकुल ..

उनकी कुछ महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें क्रमश: अधूरे सपने, अनोखा प्रेम, अपने अपने दर्पण में, अमर प्रेम, अविनश्वर, आनन्द धाम, उदास मन, कभी पास कभी दूर, कसौटी, काल का प्रहार, किर्चियाँ, कृष्ण चूड़ा का वृक्ष आदि है !

FOR ALL THE EPISODE PLEASE CLICK ON LINK PLAYLIST OF SUVARNLATA.....

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MJpNSjABSVaTcNyx0iSodv

FOR ALL THE EPISODE PLEASE CLICK ON LINK PLAYLIST OF    SHRAVANI श्रावणी 

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MvoFrFpoLYKMLBcm6hF1JZ

👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦तपस्या 🤔🤔🤔🏡🏡🏡🐍🐍 🙏🙏🙏🙏आशापूर्णा देवी🙏🙏🙏🙏 🧔कहानी एक ऐसी लड़की की जिसने बहुत ही कम उम्र से जीवन की कठिन परिस्थितयों का समाना करते हुए अपने माँ बाप की गृहस्थी को संभाला

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-Mtxwv37CZNB35uM4_VmPef

FOR ALL STORIES OF ASHAPURNA DEVI 

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-NPh8kfVzwXieZ7m7KQqaAT

TALL AND SHORT BUILDINGS

TALL AND SHORT BUILDINGS

Tall buildings represent one of the greatest marvels and characteristics of our modern times ,but they did not appear overnight. There existence is the result of continuous innovation, discovery and experimentation.

There is much architectural and engineering literature which discuses the virtues of exterior bracing diagrid systems in regards to sustainability –two systems which generally  reduce building materials, enhance structural performance, and decrease overall construction cost .By surveying past ,present as well as possible future towers ,it examines other attributes of these structural systems –the blend of structural functionality and aesthetics .given the external nature of these structural systems , diargids and exterior bracings can visually communicate the inherent structural logic of this building while also surveying the as a medium for artistic effect.

Viewed in this light , visual appeal of this systems can be enhanced to give a tower more distinct identity . This entails the creation of structural elements that are aesthetically pleasing , geometrically coherent and demonstrate dexterity of application in regards to a building’s composition while also respecting the laws of physics and mechanics. In this fashion , an artistic approach can exhibit structural systems as not just purely rational features that enable to construction of tall buildings, but as important visual components can be afford opportunities for creation of expressions.

Hence , we should synthesis the concepts of structural performance and creative artistry to facilitate a better understanding of the aesthetic developments in tall buildings. Building design at its visionary best engages  , exhilarates and inspires . it posses quality-almost indescribable-that embodies design ingenuity , connection to place and above all imagination.

NANDINI SHAW

SLUM HOUSES

The international community has long come to a consensus of what constitutes ‘poverty’ and goals to end it have been set and reiterated over time- poverty is a state of deprivation of basic human needs . the idea of ‘housing poverty’ is analogus in that there is benchmark in terms of requirements such as assured supply of water and electricity , minimum amount of space and sanitation and hygiene.

The way to conceptualise housing poverty is by defining what constitutes adequate housing . This covers basic amenities such as electricity , water supply , sanitation and even also sewage management . It also extends to the need for enough income to be able  to access a housing loan or even rent a house . Housing poverty affects one’s ability to access employment , and social relations . therefore , formulating policies to tackle urban housing shortage must focus on expanding freedoms to enable people to function normally – this includes access to employment an social security , access to housing loans , tenure security , hygiene , and disease free  surroundings , clean water, parks and open spaces and social relations.

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed , decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure , inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. It is a part of the society where the housing quality is low quality and living conditions are poor .While slums differ in size and other characteristics , most lack reliable electricity , law enforcement , and other basic services .Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dewellings , which , because of poor quality construction or provison of basic maintenance have deteriorated.

                                                                                                                 NANDINI SHAW

TYPES OF CEMENT

                                 TYPES OF CEMENT

Name of structure	Name of cement	Why
Construction and masonary work	Ordinay Portland cement	As it consists of silicates of alumina and calcium carbonates
Marine structures and dam construction	Portland pozzalana cement	It consists of gypsum and pozzalanic materials which gives it power of hydrating cement
Construction of pavement	Rapid hardening cement	It has high strength because of the presence of Tri-calcium silicates in high amount in OPC.its initial setting time is 30 minutes  and final 600 minutes so used for rapid construction projects
Underwater construction and construction in rainy seasons	Quick setting cement	It consists of clinker and aluminium silicate which increases the hydration power of silicate.its initial setting time is 5 minutes and final 30 minutes
Construction of chemical plants and wind turbine plinths	Low heat cement	It produces low heat during setting time and it has reduced heat of hydration.
Effluent treatment plans , chimney , water storage , cooling towers	Sulphate resisting cement	As it reduces sulphet attacks in concrete
Seawater construction	Blast furnance cement	As it is highly sulphate resistant
Construction of workshops	High alumina cement	It contains high amounts of alumina and lime and can be subjected to high temperatures
Construction of traffic barriers and swimming pools	White cement	As it has good colour
Tunnel and submerged construction	Hydrophobic cent	As it contains clinkers with water repellent film substances and so it resists hydration process.these chemicals form a layer on the cement particles and do not allow water to mix andstart the hydration process.

                                      NANDINI SHAW

95+ SERIES COMMERCE WITH UNNATI

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Meaning of human activity-Human activity mean all those activity which are undertaken to satisfy human wants.these activities continue throughout  life because wants are unending,unlimited and recurring.

The main characteristics of human activities are-

1.Human activities are those activities which are undertaken only by human beings.

2.Human activities involve human efforts.

those human activities which are undertaken to earn aliving and thereby satisfy human wants.The main object of this activity is to earn income and create wealth.Economic activity is concerned with the production,distribution and exchange of goods and services.These activities create utilities and result in the production of wealth.Economic activities are also called occupations.

https://imojo.in/21makhe      short notes of the CHAPTER 

HINDI HORRER STORIES भूतों की रोमांचक कहानियां

                               HINDI HORRER STORIES

                                          भूतों की रोमांचक कहानियां 

ऑफिस अचानक ऑफिस के एक काम के कारण मुझे कूचबिहार दौड़ना पड़ा और मेरे को याद आई रजत की जो मेरे स्कूल का दोस्त था और दोस्त कहना सही नहीं होगा वह मेरा बहुत ही अंतरंग मित्र था .................. मैं जल्दी से उनके साथ हो लिया और जाकर कि देखा इतना वीभत्स दृश्य कभी नहीं देखा और गांव के लोगों से जो सुना वो  तो और भी हैरान कर देने वाला था कि हाथी कभी कुछ नहीं भूलते हैं प्रतिशोध लेकर ही ....रात को ठीक नौ बजे दरवाज़े पर ठक ठक हुई मुझे हैरानी हुई की कालिंग बेल्ल के रहते हुए दरवाज़ा कौन खटखटा रहा है ......दरवाज़ा खोलते ही एक ठंडी हवा के झोंके ने मेरी हड्डियां अंदर टक कंपकंपा  दी ....   पूरी कहानी सुनने के लिए वीडियो पर क्लिक करें :---

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-MEqdbPAfz1mgNMS4hlf9l2

CLICK THE ABOVE LINK FOR MORE HORRER STORIES

SATYAJIT RAY RAHSYA ROMANCH OR SUSPENSE STORYBROWN SAHAB KI KOTHI

DRACULLA

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnRPSWK-klXj0TZDYnFsbI19-qP7n5dc2
click THE ABOVE LINK FOR DRACULLA SERIES

ISC MATH*TIPS TO SCORE FULL MARKS IN EXAMS**KATHA MANTHAN*