She Who Builds

For centuries, women have given life to the world—bearing children, nurturing families, and building the invisible scaffolding of society. Yet, when it came to shaping the physical spaces of the world, they were too often shut out of the room, their hands left hovering just outside the blueprint.

Architecture—the powerful act of imagining and constructing the world we live in—has long been dominated by male voices. But what is space without sensitivity? What is design without intuition? And how can we build a world that reflects all of humanity, if half of humanity is left out of the drawing board?

When a woman walks alone at night, she doesn’t just walk—she calculates.

She clutches her keys, memorizes license plates, pretends to be on a call, crosses to the other side if a shadow lingers too long. Not because of who she is, but because of how the world around her was built: careless, blind, and silent to her fear.

Let’s be honest—this fear wasn’t born in women. It was built into cities. Brick by brick, by hands and minds that never thought to ask, “Would she feel safe here?”

Because they never had to.

We live in cities with broken streetlights, blind corners, empty parking lots, and lonely bus stops at night. These aren’t just overlooked spaces. They are consequences of a world designed without women in the room.

Case Studies & Proof

Cities that involve women in urban planning report significantly safer outcomes:

• Vienna, Austria redesigned neighborhoods by studying how women move—adding lighting, safe transit, childcare access, and reduced crime rates.

• Bogotá, Colombia implemented gender-aware transport redesigns with lighting and surveillance, reducing assaults in public transport zones.

Jane Jacobs: The Woman Who Fought the Machine

In the 1950s, Jane Jacobs—a journalist and activist with no formal training in architecture—challenged the male-dominated power structure of urban planning in New York City. She saw cities as living, breathing organisms. She fought for walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use developments, and what she called "eyes on the street"—the natural safety that comes from vibrant, people-filled public spaces.

Zaha Hadid: Redefining the Skyline

Often called the "Queen of the Curve," she was the first woman to win the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Her designs—like the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku or the MAXXI Museum in Rome—are not just buildings, they are statements.

In a world where most buildings were rigid, geometric, and masculine, Hadid’s work celebrated fluidity, movement, and boldness. She once said, “Women are used to going against the grain. We’re always in the minority.”

Lina Bo Bardi: Designing for the People

In Brazil, Lina Bo Bardi believed architecture must serve everyday people, not just elites. Her iconic design of the São Paulo Museum of Art, suspended on red stilts, created not just a museum—but a public square beneath it for gatherings, protests, and community life.

She also designed with sustainability, simplicity, and human dignity in mind. Her buildings often used local materials, natural light, and flexible, open spaces. Her work whispered what others screamed: “Architecture is for living. Not just for looking.”

More Women Who Built Change:

• Denise Scott Brown (co-author of Learning from Las Vegas) challenged modernist arrogance by honoring the "messy vitality" of real cities.

• Norma Sklarek, one of the first Black female architects in the U.S., broke racial and gender barriers, designing major buildings like the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo.

• Lesley Lokko, a Ghanaian-Scottish architect, is revolutionizing the way we think about architecture and education in Africa and beyond, tying race, space, and identity together.

Here’s how their involvement can directly impact the safety and functionality of our towns and cities:

• Better Lighting and Visibility: Women instinctively prioritize visibility in public spaces. A well-lit street or park isn’t just convenient—it’s essential for safety.

• Natural Surveillance and Activity Zones: Spaces that encourage continuous public presence (markets, parks, community hubs) deter crime and foster a sense of belonging.

• Safe, Accessible Transit: From properly lit bus stops to secure pathways and inclusive design in transportation networks, women help ensure mobility without fear.

• Integrated Community Services: Women-led planning often emphasizes the inclusion of childcare, healthcare, education, and recreational spaces—support systems that strengthen families and reduce isolation.

• Inclusive Design Language: Simple design choices—open sightlines, emergency call points, interactive digital maps, or avoiding dead-ends—can make spaces feel secure and user-friendly.

Until women are equal participants in architecture and planning, we’re building cities that are only half human.

UNDERSTANDING THE MEANING AND CONTRIBUTION OF ARCHITECTURE IN A MORE ELEBORATIVE WAY: GOING BEYOND THE PURSUIT OF BUILDING DESIGNING

 Throughout history, architecture has stood as a representation of society, reflecting the values, successes, and eventual downfall of civilizations over time. From the monumental structures to the residences and buildings that make up the fabric of a city, we can learn a lot about who the people were who inhabited them long before our time. By studying the built environment of the past, combined with modern-day research on psychology and the environment, we’re coming to understand the effects of architecture on people in entirely new ways, which begs the question: Just how does architecture impact society? The Importance of Architecture At its roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people live, but architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we see the world. While the concept of shelter is a fairly simple thing, the style of buildings was originally shaped by the climate of a particular location, what materials were readily available, as well as the values of the society building them. As the world became more and more connected, the styles evolved, but even in modern construction, there is still an importance in honoring the cultural nuances in the built environment. 

AS THESE EVOLUTIONS IN SOCIETY AND DESIGN OCCUR, THERE’S THE QUESTION OF WHAT TO DO WITH OLD, OUTDATED, AND RUN-DOWN BUILDINGS. SOME ARE MODIFIED TO TAKE ON DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, WHILE OTHERS ARE DEMOLISHED, DEEMED TO BE BEYOND REPAIR. 

Well-designed architecture and the connection individuals have to it is not something that’s easily quantified.

However, we all know the feeling of walking into a space that just feels right. It’s not only functional but resonates with you on a different, subconscious level. While designing for function is certainly crucial, it’s important to tap into that emotional connection as well, as they both speak to the sense of experiencing architecture. It’s not just an intellectual understanding, but a connection between the user and space. Successful project comes from understanding that the spaces and buildings we love most stir up feelings in us that aren’t easy to quantify but are created from the process of collecting and implementing all this knowledge and research. 

There are countless ways that architects can continue to evolve the occupation and respond to the changing needs of our society. We just need to step up to the challenge, believing we’re capable of it.

 -Nandini Shaw

 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

जन्म ------- APRIL 1931, भानपुरा मध्य प्रदेश भाषा -------- हिंदी📖🎎📖🎎📖📖📖 विधाएँ -------- उपन्यास, कहानी, नाटक, आत्मकथा, बाल साहित्य....📖📖📖👩‍🏫 उपन्यास ------ एक इंच मुस्कान, आपका बंटी, महाभोज.. कहानी संग्रह ------ मैं हार गई, तीन निगाहों की एक तस्वीर, यही सच है, एक प्लेट सैलाब , अकेली, मन्नू भंडारी की संपूर्ण कहानियाँ..... नाटक ---- बिना दीवारों के घर . बाल साहित्य -----आँखों देखा झूठ, आसमाता... सम्मान---- व्यास सम्मान

https://youtu.be/7BYPQhCtImo

🙏🙏🙏💐💐अंकुश💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 पापा हमेशा ऊँचे ओहदे पर रहे सहाबी ठाट के साथ ...लेकिन उनके घर में यदि रात को बारह बजे भी आता दूर का मामूली सा रिश्तेदार भी ...तो वे सर आँखों पर लेते थे ...ऐसे आदमी को में अपने ही घर आने से मना कर दूँ ..

https://youtu.be/ly2Nb4FtI-c khote sikke

🙏🙏🙏💐💐ईसा के घर इंसान💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 मैं ज़िंदा रहना चाहती हूँ..आदमी की तरह ज़िंदा रहना चाहती हूँं..में घुट-घुटकर नहीं मरूँगी... मैं भाग जाऊँगी..मैं भाग जाऊँगी..हम क्यों अच्छे कपड़े नहीं पहनें..हम इन्सान ही है..मैं नहीं रहूँगी यहाँ... .. मैं कभी नहीं रहूँगी...

https://youtu.be/ax2NUOD9TFU

https://youtu.be/ly2Nb4FtI-c KHOTE SIKKE

🙏🙏🙏💐💐असामयिक मृत्यु 💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 गति महेश बाबू के हृदय की रुकी पर चाल घर की ठप्प पद गयी....लेकिन अब यदि दिन दुनिया को भूल गया तो ...और यदि दिन दुनिया के चक्कर में नाटक से कट गया तो ...और इन दो तो की जकड में शारदा का मन घूमने लगा ...

https://youtu.be/Hy2Wy3u7pxo

🙏🙏🙏💐💐रेत की दीवार 💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 धीरे धीरे कब रानी का घूँघट खुल गया ..खाने की प्रशंसा ..रूप की प्रशंसा ..बदलकर उसके अतृप्त मन को तृप्त करने लगी .. https://youtu.be/k7elP6qrrPQ

🙏🙏🙏💐💐मुक्ति💐💐🙏🙏🙏 प्रार्थना कीजिए ईश्वर से कि वह अब इन्हें उठा ले...ववरना आज के ज़माने में तो.... वैसे भी सोचो तो इससे अधिक सुखद मौत और क्या हो सकती है भला ....

https://youtu.be/hxEpmh4HLQo

🙏🙏🙏💐💐नशा💐💐🙏🙏🙏 प्रार्थना कीजिए ईश्वर से कि वह अब इन्हें उठा ले...ववरना आज के ज़माने में तो.... वैसे भी सोचो तो इससे अधिक सुखद मौत और क्या हो सकती है भला ....

https://youtu.be/5vMZoNowmrg

PLAYLIST OF MANNU BHANDARI'S STORIES

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-ON_CvryTT8byTmyP8zAG-_

🙏🙏🙏💐💐कमरे , कमरा और कमरे 💐💐🙏🙏🙏 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी⚘⚘⚘⚘ “घर की चहारदीवारी आदमी को सुरक्षा देती है, पर साथ ही उसे एक सीमा में बाँधती भी है। उसे लगता उसकी ज़िन्दगी इन पांच कमरों में बिखरी है ...और बहुत चाहने पर भी अपने आपको एक कमरे में नहीं..आज वो ही कमरा उसकी सिमा बन गया ...

https://youtu.be/T1dZ33v26-Y

🙏🙏🙏💐💐छत बनाने वाले 💐💐🙏🙏🙏 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी⚘⚘⚘⚘ “घर की चहारदीवारी आदमी को सुरक्षा देती है, पर साथ ही उसे एक सीमा में बाँधती भी है। बचपन में कहानी सुनी थी ...आदर्श परिवार ताऊजी का परिवार ..अनुशसन..सम्मान..प्यारे बच्चे ..

https://youtu.be/jweKvi7Dl3g

🙏🙏🙏💐💐एक कमज़ोर लड़की की कहानी 💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 जब में लौटूँ तो मेरी रूप मुझे सौंप देना ..मेरी रूप को किसी और के घर का श्रृंगार मत बनने देना .. ..

https://youtu.be/QvJy1SlTSLY

🙏🙏🙏💐💐त्रिशंकु💐💐🙏🙏🙏

👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦👨‍👩‍👦‍👦🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी⚘⚘⚘⚘ “घर की चहारदीवारी आदमी को सुरक्षा देती है, पर साथ ही उसे एक सीमा में बाँधती भी है। स्कूल-कॉलेज जहाँ व्यक्ति के मस्तिष्क का विकास करते हैं, वहीं नियम-कायदे और अनुशासन के नाम पर उसके व्यक्त्वि को कुठित भी करते हैं

https://youtu.be/pd9j8psemYc

🙏🙏🙏💐💐कील और कसक 💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 धीरे धीरे कब रानी का घूँघट खुल गया ..खाने की प्रशंसा ..रूप की प्रशंसा ..बदलकर उसके अतृप्त मन को तृप्त करने लगी ..

https://youtu.be/jsxokpJg0vc

🙏🙏🙏💐💐ईसा के घर इंसान💐🙏🙏🙏 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏मन्नू भंडारी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 मैं ज़िंदा रहना चाहती हूँ..आदमी की तरह ज़िंदा रहना चाहती हूँं..में घुट-घुटकर नहीं मरूँगी... मैं भाग जाऊँगी..मैं भाग जाऊँगी..हम क्यों अच्छे कपड़े नहीं पहनें..हम इन्सान ही है..मैं नहीं रहूँगी यहाँ... .. मैं कभी नहीं रहूँगी...

https://youtu.be/xiwFXGnBViE

 

🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏

मालती जोशी हिन्दी साहित्य लेखिका हैं, जिन्हें 2018 में साहित्य तथा शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में उनके योगदानों के लिए पद्म श्री से सम्मानित किया गया मालती जोशी का जन्म 4 जून 1934 को औरंगाबाद में हुआ था .. आपने आगरा विश्वविद्यालय से वर्ष 1956 में हिन्दी विषय से एम.ए. की शिक्षा ग्रहण की... अब तक कई अनगिनत कहानियां , बाल कथायें व उपन्यास प्रकाशित कर चुकी हैं। इनमें से अनेक रचनाओं का विभिन्न भारतीय व विदेशी भाषाओं में अनुवाद भी किया जा चुका है। कई कहानियों का रंगमंचन रेडियो व दूर दर्शन पर नाट्य रूपान्तर भी प्रस्तुत किया जा चुका है.. अपनी कहानियों के बारे में, वे कहती हैं... "जीवन की छोटी-छोटी अनुभूतियों क।..स्मरणीय क्षणों को मैं अपनी कहानियों में पिरोती रही हूं.. ये अनुभूतियां कभी मेरी अपनी होती हैं कभी मेरे अपनों की.. और इन मेरे अपनों की संख्या और परिधि बहुत विस्तृत है.. वैसे भी लेखक के लिए आप पर भाव तो रहता ही नहीं है..अपने आसपास बिखरे जगत का सुख दु:ख उसी का सुख दु:ख हो जाता ह।। और शायद इसीलिये मेरी अधिकांश कहानियां "मैं” के साथ शुरू होती हैं......" 🏡🏡🏡🏡🏡 एक घर हो सपनो का 🏜🏜🏜 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 https://youtu.be/7iTGLrzeRZs कँहा था अम्मा का अपना घर 🏡🤔और कब .. गृहस्थी का सुख देखा ही क्या है मैंने ..घर बसाना और चीज़ है ..बच्चें पैदा करना और ..👨‍👩‍👧‍👧👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 https://youtu.be/kMeTsj7Pkys मोरी रंग दी चुनरिया

नौकरी सिर्फ रोटी देती है ..हिंदुस्तानी औरत को सुरक्षित छत भी चाहिए फिर चाहे वह पिता की हो भाई की हो बेटे की हो या पति कि हो ..में कुमारी हूँ ..या विधवा ..या विवाहिता .....

🏡🏡🏡🏡🏡 जो बीत गई सो बात गई 🏜🏜🏜

🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏

पहला प्यार ..हमारी शादी में प्रेम दूर दूर तक नहीं था ..तुम्हारी तरफ से थी सहानुभूति ...मेरी तरफ से

https://youtu.be/8Lh-wrmdxlc

📺📺📺📺📺📺🎸 अनिकेत📺📺📺📺 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 जिया वीरेश के लिए माँ से भी बढ़कर हो गयी ...माँ कभी इतनी निरपेक्ष नहीं होती ...कभी न कभी अपने दूध का क़र्ज़ मांग लेती है ..👨‍👩‍👧‍👧👨‍👩‍👦‍👦

https://youtu.be/Q2_zxocHM4Y

📺📺📺📺📺📺🎸 बेटियाँ📺📺📺📺 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 क्या पिता की मृत्यु के बाद माँ भी अपनी बेटियों के लिए परायी हो गयी ...क्या सरकारी नौकरी पिता से भी बड़ी हो गयी.. क्या सरकारी नौकरी अपने सगे रिश्तों से भी बड़ी हो गयी 👨‍👩‍👧‍👧👨‍👩‍👦‍👦

https://youtu.be/5Xe-L2yI5gs

📺📺📺📺📺📺🎸 अनब्याही पीर 📺📺📺📺 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 जी मैंने सचमुच आत्मसम्मान ताक पर रख दिया ..क्योंकि वो बहुत मंहगी चीज़ है ..हम उसे अफ़ोर्ड नहीं कर सकते ...हम जैसो की यही नियति है ..क्या एक लड़की के शादी उसके आत्मसम्मान से बढ़कर है ... 👨‍👩‍👧‍👧👨‍👩‍👦‍👦

https://youtu.be/wW58oGNBogg

🙏🙏🙏🎸🎸राग विराग 🎎👩‍🦱🧔🥰🎎🙏

संगीत सौंदर्य से परिपूर्ण नारी की कहानी..जिसे पग पग पर जीवन संघर्ष से जूझते हुए ...सच्चाई से सीधा साक्षात्कार

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-O27pivYXe1MTrmsM-Sw9T9

🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏बंधक दस साल ..हाँ पुरे दस साल हो गए में अपने घर नहीं गयी ...अपना घर ? हाँ मेरे लिए तो वही अपना घर है ...यह घर तो कभी अपना ही नहीं लगा ..लगता है जैसे किसी ने खाना कपडा देकर मुझे अपनी गुलामी में रखा है ...

https://youtu.be/MmkgP2WXxuM

https://youtu.be/R83lbFEBYDw पाषाण युग

बचपन में कहानी सुनी थी ...एक जादूगर एक राजकुमारी को वश में कर लेता है ..दिन भर तो वो बेचारी पत्थर की मूरत बानी रहती है ..और रात में ....
https://youtu.be/FK_1lP9yFpU     साज़िश

🙏🙏🙏ज्वालामुखी के गर्भ से 👨👨👨🥰🎎🙏🙏 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 वह घर नहीं है ज्वालामुखी है ..कभी तुम भी वँहा से निकलने के लिए छटपटाओगी ...तब मुझे याद करना ...

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-PysWsY2a_RDfAw55PEEXPF

🙏🙏🙏👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦साज़िश🎎🎎🙏🙏 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 तो कर लो न नौकरी ..ज़िन्दगी भर क्या भाई भाभी की छाती पर मुंग दलना जरुरी है ...आखिर तुम्हारे लिए कोई कितना करेगा ..बाबू जी का घर ???..अपना सुख दुःख अपने घर सहो बिटिया ..

🙏🙏🙏पिता👨👨👨🥰🎎🙏🙏 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 मेरी गलतियों की सजा कभी मेरे बच्चों को मत देना ...अगर बर्दाश्त से बहार हो जाये ..तो मुझे छोड़ देना ..पर अपना हाथ इन बच्चों पर हमेशा बनाये रहना ....

https://youtu.be/R75AuFEMTi0 पिता

https://youtu.be/zNyI6eXylDo अग्निपथ

https://youtu.be/CEbzF6NSsSY अतृप्त आत्माओं का देश

https://youtu.be/4lpn4EJ_Y_k प्रतिदान

https://youtu.be/kkYl-eDFgGA मन ना भाये दस बीस

https://youtu.be/uRlFpE3spac पीर पर्वत हो गयी है

https://youtu.be/Lk48GTgb4SI निर्वासित कर दी तुमने मेरी प्रीत

https://youtu.be/PW5LrlismU8 वो तेरा घर🏕यह मेरा घर🏡

https://youtu.be/KUHjaFJ9IfE निष्कासन

https://youtu.be/llXo86eV_9Q शोभा यात्रा EPISODE 1

https://youtu.be/gpHyosCYi4o गीत पुराने याद न आना

https://youtu.be/sPVKieijyII KADWA SACH

घर छोटा ही या बड़ा ...घर तो घर ही होता है .. एक माँ के लिए छोटे छोटे भय भी कितने बड़े हो उठते है वे भी तो मेरी तरह निर्वासन का दंड भोग रहे थे ...मेरी तरह अपने स्नेह के सम्राज्य से निष्कासित थे ...मर नहीं सकी...एक आशा थी ..

https://youtu.be/4w2vDUax-ek अंतिम आक्षेप

पति ताले में कैद करके रखने की चीज़ नहीं ...उसे तो मन की डोर से बांधना पड़ता है ..वह चाहे कंही भी भटके बसेरे के लिए तो घर ही आएगा ...

🙏🙏🙏शोभा यात्रा EPISODE 1 🎎🙏🙏 🙏🙏✍✍मालती जोशी ✍✍🙏🙏🙏🙏 उन डूबते क्षणो में भी ....एक आकृति उभरी ..आसन् मूर्छा अवस्था में भी मैंने आधी रात में मांजी के कमरे में उनकी उपस्थिति को लक्ष्य किया .....

https://youtu.be/llXo86eV_9Q शोभा यात्रा 1

https://youtu.be/Idk08uAnAqk शोभा यात्रा 2

https://youtu.be/hjL01m2iMh4 शोभा यात्रा 3

https://youtu.be/PmPnATk8SEg शोभा यात्रा 4

🙏🙏🙏🙏जन्म  ------  4 जून  1934...🙏🙏🙏

भाषा ---   🌺🌺🌺हिंदी..🌺🌺🌺 🌺🌺🌺विधाएँ   ---------- कविता,,    उपन्यास,   कहानी 🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻मुख्य कृतियाँ🌻🌻🌻🌻 🌈🌈🌈🌤🌤📖📖📖📖📃📃📃📃📃📃 UPNYAS ------- - वो तेरा घर ये मेरा घर , मोरी रँग दी चुनरिया,..बहुरि अकेला, वो तेरा घर ये मेरा घर...... 📖📖📖📖📖📃📃📃📃📃📃📃📃📃📃                      कहानी संग्रह ---वो तेरा घर ये मेरा घर , मोरी रँग दी चुनरिया,                      बहुरि अकेला, वो तेरा घर ये मेरा घर..... 🌄🌄🌄🌄🌄🌄🌄🎁🎁🎁🎁🎁 सम्मान ----------               मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी साहित्य सम्मेलन द्वारा भवभूति     अलंकरण सम्मान.....

 शिवानी जी का वास्तविक नाम 'गौरा पंत' था ... किन्तु ये 'शिवानी' नाम से लेखन करती थीं.... इनकी शिक्षा शन्तिनिकेतन में हुई...साठ और सत्तर के दशक में, इनकी लिखी कहानियां और उपन्यास हिन्दी पाठकों के बीच अत्याधिक लोकप्रिय हुए शिवानी का निधन 2003 ई० मे हुआ...

जन्म 17अक्टूबर 1923 राजकोट गुजरात उपन्यास अतिथि, पूतों वाली, चल खुसरों घर आपने, श्मशान चंपा, मायापुरी, विषकन्या......... कहानी संग्रह शिवानी की श्रेष्ठ कहानियाँ, शिवानी की मशहूर कहानियाँ, झरोखा......

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐चल खुसरो घर आपने💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 📺📺📺📺📺अंतिम अध्याय📺📺📺📺📺 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 छ: महीने पहले वह इसी स्टेशन पर क्लान्त शरीर और अवसन्न चित्त लेकर, अकेली उतरी थी और आज वैसा ही क्लान्त शरीर और अवसन्न चित्त लेकर अकेली ही लौट रही थी....पंडितजी ने गरुड़ पुराण में सुनाया था कि उस लोक में सुख ही सुख हैं... कौनसा ऐसा दुख कौनसा अभाव था उन्हें... यह कहानी है कुमुद की, जिसे बिगड़ैल भाई-बहनों ने और आर्थिक पारिवारिक परिस्थितियों ने सुदूर बंगाल जाकर एक राजासाहब की मानसिक रूप से बीमार पत्नी की परिचर्या का दुरूह भार थमा दिया है...मानसिक रूप से विक्षिप्त लोगों का मनोसंसार..निम्नमध्यवर्गीय परिवार की कमाऊ अनब्याही बेटी और उसकी ग्लानि से दबी जाती माँ का मनोविज्ञान शिवानी जी के पारस स्पर्श से समृद्ध होकर इस उपन्यास को एक अद्भुत नाटकीय रूप दिया....

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUoIVgnBiV-N6IQxpNBB9pnku3ijkJApr

HINDI STORIES TELLING BY SUNITA

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐चिरस्वयंवरा💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 सफेद बालों के ऊँचे जूड़े पर प्रयत्न से टिकाया गया अबीरी बनारसी आँचल...गठिया से टेढ़ी पड़ गई अँगुलियों पर जवा आलता की नाखूनी धारी..लाल नागरा और सन से सफेद बालों के बीच माँग पर बिखरी..निद्रामग्ना चिर स्वयंवरा की सोहाग पिटारी

https://youtu.be/-nE_ufuVgEM

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💑विवर्त्त👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Episode 1 📺🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 कभी-कभी जब वाणी व्यर्थ होकर समस्त आयुध डाल देती है तो स्पर्श भी बहुत-कुछ कह जाता है..

https://youtu.be/GN_cBj_02fU part 1

https://youtu.be/A8L9RbRLyJU part 2

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐गान्धारी💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 📺🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 दोनों प्रौढ़ा सखियों की आयु के दस दस वर्ष..स्वयं उनकी काल्पनिक गणना ने घटकर..पुराना योगफल मिटा दिया....अन्धे विवश पति का हाथ थामने के लिए उस त्यागमयी गांधारी ने स्वेच्छा से ही अपनी आँखों पर पट्‌टी बाँधी थी..दोनों सखियाँ सोच रही थीं..वे दोनों कितनी तुच्छ थीं..कितनी तुच्छ...

https://youtu.be/fP_EXBsbcqE

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐शिबी 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 बहुत सोच कर नाम रखा शिवप्रिया ..शायद नित्य शिव का पावन नामोच्चारण माँ के कलुष को धो पोंछकर बहा देगा ..किन्तु पुकारने का अवसर ही नहीं आया ..

https://youtu.be/Ak4k_KrQdUY

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐दो बहनें💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 छब्बीस वर्ष तक, एक-दूसरे से, रक्त-मज्जा-मांस की डोर से बँधी, संयमी जुड़वाँ-सी बहनों को पल-भर में केशव ने किसी कुशल सर्जन की-सी शल्य-क्रिया से सदा के लिए विलग कर दिया।

https://youtu.be/Tfau1ZKqxaQ

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐उपप्रेती💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 विधाता का भी यह कैसा न्याय था कि विधवा सधवा बनी सौभाग्य का भरपूर सुख भोग रही थी..और सधवा वैधव्य का दारुण दुख झेल रही थी..एक थी मुखर..दूसरी मौन.. कहते हैं ...पहाड़ में किसी गर्भवती गृहिणी के प्राण प्रसव पीड़ा ने तब ही ले लिये जब शिशु भूमिगत नहीं हुआ था... जब उसे घाट ले जाया गया तो चिता में धरने से पूर्व शास्त्रानुसार गर्भ की संतान को जननी वे विलग किया गया... जिस पुत्र संतान ने जननी के प्राण लिये थे....स्वयं उसमें प्राण थे...उसी पुत्र का नाम धरा गया उप्रेती अर्थात् ...उप प्रेती...

https://youtu.be/erNVVdWqRf8

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐स्वप्न और सत्य 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 कुत्ते के पिल्ले को पालना कितना सहज है..मनुष्य के दुधमुँहे को पालना कितना कठिन..श्वानशिशु का कुल गोत्र समाज नहीं माँगता...उसके जनक का परिचय उसके जीवन के लिए अनिवार्य नहीं होता...किन्तु मानव शिशु के जनक का अभिमान उसके प्रत्येक श्वास के लिए अनिवार्य हो उठता है..

https://youtu.be/71kn_w8ggu0

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐मँझले दद्‌दा 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

बड़े दद्‌दा ने जीवन भर सबकी अवहेलना सही.. इसी से शायद वह भी बिना किसी से कुछ माँगे..अपने सरल, स्निग्ध, स्नेह की धारा से सबको परिप्लावित कर एक दिन आँखें मूँदकर चले गए ..मँझले दद्‌दा की आँखें खुली थीं साँस चल रही थी..किन्तु वह भी उनके बीच से चले गए थे..सदा-सदा के लिए.

https://youtu.be/vuyV6N0JS1o मँझले दद्‌दा

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐फिरबे की ..? फिरबे.. ?💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 जब से यह मनहूस अँगूठी पहनी है..ठुलदा गाज़िल दा और आज अम्मा चली गईं..सरुली का वैधव्य भी इसी अँगूठी की देन है..चारु की ही भाँति उसका अशान्त अधीर चित्त भी प्रश्न पूछ रहा था.. फिरबे की? फिरबे?.. चारु की ही भाँति, उसका अशान्त अधीर चित्त भी वही प्रश्न पूछ रहा था ...फिरबे की? फिरबे?

https://youtu.be/HZ65Knaj9X8 फिरबे की? फिरबे?

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐ठाकुर का बेटा 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 बेटा तो विलक्षण होगा ...पर महल का सुख भोग नहीं पायेगा ...रहेगा वनबिहारी ही ..आज तककभी ऐसा नहीं हुआ ...

https://youtu.be/hoQeZPrYRUE ठाकुर का बेटा

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐गहरी नींद 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 विचित्र शिल्पी विधाता भी कैसी कैसी अनोखी मूर्तियां गढ़ देता है ...एक को नींद के लिए शीशी भर गोलियां खानी पड़ती

https://youtu.be/EGYZDCIRacQ

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐 दंड💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

नाती का नाम धरा था मृत्युंजय...पर मृत्यु को नहीं जीत सका बेचारा .मृत्यु ने ही उसे जीत लियावह तो स्वयं ही मृत्युंजय का जीवित संस्करण था..क्या वही पिता को चमत्कृत करने एक बार फिर अरथी में बँधने लौट आया था..

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐चन्नी💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 संसार ऐसी भावुक कमजोर दलील पर विश्वास नहीं करता..फिर उस खुशबू ही को भला कब तक सहेज पाऊँगी...हिना और खस की खुशबू अब चन्नी के रहस्यमय अस्तित्व की भाँति धीरे-धीरे उड़ती जा रही है... जिस दिन वह बिल्कुल ही उड़ जाएगी..उस दिन शायद मैं भी मान लूँगी कि चन्नी सचमुच ही मर गई..

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐 मेरा भाई 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 राखी तो उसे नहीं बाँध पाई पर इतना तो कर ही सकती हूँ... जिसे अब मैं नहीं ढूँढ़ पाऊँगी.... मेरे उस राखीबन्द भाई को शायद दयालु वैंकटेश्वर स्वयं एक दिन मुश्कें बाँध अपने दरबार में बुला भेजें और वह अभागा उनके चरणों में गिरकर कह सके.....

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐तीन कन्या 💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 चार मीनारों में जो ..मीनार भूकम्प के धक्के से टूटकर बिखर गई थी, वह फिर कभी नहीं बनाई गई...मामी ने कहा था। सोचती हूँ...आज भाग्य का भूकम्प..जो फिर वही क्रम दुहरा रहा है, उसका अन्त भी क्या वैसा ही रहेगा....

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐मन का प्रहरी 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 आज तक मुझे अपनी अन्तःप्रेरणा पर बड़ा गर्व था...पर आज सचमुच ही मेरा दर्प अचानक हाथ से गिर गए दर्पण की भाँति...यथार्थ की धरा पर गिर, चूर-चूर होकर बिखर गया है.....किन्तु मुझे यह प्रहरी लाख बहकाए, संसार के बड़े- से-बड़े वैरागी के वैराग्य को भी पहचानना अब मैंने सीख लिया है....

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐गूंगा👨‍👩‍👧‍👦💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 मेरी रेल क्यों छीन ली.. इतने मेहमान आते हैं, पर वह क्यों नहीें आती जिसने मुझे चूम-चूमकर खिलौने दिये थे..आज मेरी पीठ पर काशीबाई ने बेंत क्यों मारे..वही सुन्दर-सी औरत उसे गोद में उछाल-उछालकर ...

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐नथ👨‍👩‍👧‍👦💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 पति पत्नी के रिश्तों के विश्वास की कहानी क्या पता यह संस्कारग्रस्त देहाती चित की कल्पना मात्र हो ... पुट्टी के सात्विक दान की रसीद अपने सुनहले अक्षरों में स्वयं लिख गयी....जल्दी से हाथ की खाकी पोटली को कमिश्नर की थैली में डालकर वह भीड़ में खो गयी। न उसे अपनी उदारता की घोषणा करने का अवकाश था, न कोई कामना..... 🏕🏕🏕🏕🏕💐💐💐💐💐⚘⚘⚘⚘⚘⚘

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐💐सौत💑💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 पति पत्नी के रिश्तों के विश्वास की कहानी क्या पता यह संस्कारग्रस्त देहाती चित की कल्पना मात्र हो ... आधुनिक पतिव्रता की मान्यताएं अब हमारी मान्यतायों से भिन्न हो ..वह पति को ऐसी स्वतंत्रता स्वेच्छा से ही देती हो ....

ISC HINDI FOR CLASS 11 & 12*SATI* सती 6 फुट साढ़े 10 इंच लम्बी महिला और सती होने जा रही शिवानी

🎎🎎🎎🎎💐निर्वाण💑👨‍👩‍👧‍👦👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏शिवानी🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

ईश्वर में मेरा दृढ़ विश्वास है..किन्तु किसी साधु सा पहुँचे सिद्ध का अन्धानुगमन.. मेरी प्रकृति के विरुद्ध....., किसी लब्धप्रतिष्ठ स्वामी का सान्निध्य...मेरे या अन्य किसी के जीवन में, मांगलिक परिवर्तन संघटित कर सकता है..

 जैनेन्द्र कुमार

 जैनेन्द्र कुमार का नाम  हिंदी उपन्यास के इतिहास में मनोविश्लेषणात्मक परंपरा के प्रवर्तक के रूप में मान्य हैं.. इनकी मुख्य देन उपन्यास तथा कहानी है..एक साहित्य विचारक के रूप में भी इनका स्थान मान्य है ..उनके पात्रों की चारित्रिक विशेषताएँ इसी कारण से संयुक्त होकर उभरती हैं.क्योंकि पात्रों के सूक्ष्म संकेतोंऔर चरित्र की निहिति की खोज करके उन्हें बड़े कौशल से प्रस्तुत करते हैं..जैनेन्द्र का सबसे बड़ा योगदान हिन्दी गद्य के निर्माण में था..

जैनेंद्र कुमार का जन्म २ जनवरी सन १९०५, में अलीगढ़ के कौड़ियागंज गांव में हुआ ..उनके बचपन का नाम आनंदीलाल था..जनम के २ वर्षो में ही पिता की मृत्यु के बाद इनकी माता एवं मामा ने ही इनका पालन-पोषण किया..

मूल नाम    आनंदी लाल 

भाषा          हिंदी 

जन्म           २ जनवरी सन १९०५  अलीगढ 

विद्याए         उपन्यास , कहानी ,निबंध 

 उपन्यास      परख ,सुनीता, त्यागपत्र ,कल्याणी , सुखदा ....

कहानी          पाजेब , जैनेन्द्र की कहानियां ,फांसी, नीलम देश की राजकन्या ......

पुरस्कार       पद्म भूषण, साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार.

 त्यागपत्र' उपन्यास

त्यागपत्र उपन्यास मनोवैज्ञानिक कथाकार जैनेंद्र कुमार द्वारा रचित प्रसिद्ध उपन्यास है.. यह उपन्यास 1937  में प्रकाशित हुआ। ...त्यागपत्र  उपन्यास इस की नायिका मृणाल की दर्द भरी जीवनी पर आधारित है जिसमें समाज की रूढ़ियाँ, कठोर नैतिक मान्यताएँ एवं अमानवीय सामाजिक व्यवस्था का चित्रण हुआ है...

 यह उपन्यास चीफ जस्टिस एम. दयाल द्वारा लिखी गई आत्मकथा के रूप में है..जिनका  चरित्र उपन्यास में प्रमोद के नाम से चित्रित हैतथा  पूरा उपन्यास आत्मकथात्मक शैली में लिखा गया है..

इसमें मृणाल के माध्यम से स्त्रियों की  यातनापूर्ण स्थिति को पूर्ण मार्मिकता एवं यथार्थवादी दृष्टि के साथ प्रस्तुत किया गया है..

 प्रमोद अर्थात्  दयाल अपने बचपन से कहानी का आरंभ करते हैं..परिवार में उसके माता-पिता और तीन बहने थी  किन्तु अभी तीन बहनो में से केवल   मृणाल ही जीवित थी..मृणाल जिसको  प्रमोद की मां अपने कठोर शासन से आदर्श नारी बनाना चाहती है और उसकी  छोटी सी गलती के कारन उससे कठोर, अमानवीय व्यवहार करती है किन्तु मृणाल अपने अनुसार, अपनी भावनाओं के अनुसार अपना जीवन यापन करना चाहती है परंतु समाज उसे अपने नियमों में और बंधनों में जकड़े रखना चाहता है ..उसके प्रेम का तिरिस्कार उसी के भाई तथा भाभी द्वारा करके उसका विवाह अधेड़ उम्र के दोहाजु से कर दिया जाता है जिसे वो ख़ामोशी से स्वीकार कर लेती है ..किन्तु पति भी उसे दुश्चरित्रा समझ कर उस पर अत्याचार करता है और उसे त्याग देता है ..और वो व्यक्ति जो उसकी सुंदरता पर मोहित हो उसकी रक्षा करता है और परिवार को त्याग कर मृणाल के साथ रहने लगता है वो भी कुछ समय पश्चात मृणाल को  त्याग कर उसकी सारी संपत्ति लेकर कर चला जाता ह।..उस समय मृणाल गर्भवती होती है .. एक कन्या को जन्म देती है..जो कुछ समय बाद मर जाती है।। वो एक बहुत गन्दी बस्ती में रहने लगती है।।। और उनका भतीजा प्रमोद काबिल होते हुए भी चाहकर भी उसकी कोई सहयता नहीं कर पता है..

इस उपन्यास द्वारा लेखक ने भारतीय नारी की परवशता.. बेमेल  विवाह की पीड़ा,  सामाजिक प्रताड़ना,  आर्थिक पराधीनता से उत्पन्न नारी जीवन की विवशताओं को बड़े ही मार्मिक एवं यथार्थ ढंग से अभिव्यक्त किया है 

 

देवी चौधरानी

🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏बंकिमचंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

राष्ट्रीय गीत वंदे मातरम के रचियता बंकिमचंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय बंगाल के प्रख्यात उपन्यासकार, कवि, गद्यकार और पत्रकार थे ... राष्ट्रीय गीत 'वन्दे मातरम्' उनकी ही रचना है जो भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के काल में क्रान्तिकारियों का प्रेरणास्रोत बन गया था

जन्म 27 June 1838 भाषा बांग्ला मृत्यु 8 April 1894 विधाये ------- कविता , उपन्यास, कहानियां , नाटक .. उपन्यास आनंदमठ, दुर्गेश नंदिनी, कपालकुंडला, मृणालिनी, चंद्रशेखर, देवी चौधरानी.....

बंकिम चन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय का जन्म उत्तरी चौबीस परगना नैहाटी में एक परंपरागत और समृद्ध बंगाली परिवार में हुआ था.. उनकी शिक्षा हुगली कॉलेज और प्रेसीडेंसी कॉलेज में हुईजो आज कोलकाता का बेहद मशहूर कॉलेज है .1857में उन्होंने बीए पास किया...प्रेसीडेंसी कालेज से बी. ए. की उपाधि लेनेवाले ये पहले भारतीय थे.. शिक्षासमाप्ति के तुरंत बाद डिप्टी मजिस्ट्रेट पद पर इनकी नियुक्ति हो गई.. कुछ काल तक बंगाल सरकार के सचिव पद पर भी रहे।..रायबहादुर और सी. आई. ई. की उपाधियाँ पाईं.. 

 उनकी प्रथम प्रकाशित रचना राजमोहन्स वाइफ थी....

1865 में दुर्गेशनंदिनी ...1866 कपालकुंडला ..

1872 में मासिक पत्रिका बंग दर्शन का भी प्रकाशन किया 

1882 में आनंदमठ  राजनीतिक उपन्यास है... इस उपन्यास में उत्तर बंगाल में 1773 के संन्यासी विद्रोह का वर्णन किया गया है.. इस पुस्तक में देशभक्ति की भावना है..

 चटर्जी का अंतिम उपन्यास सीताराम (1886) है.....

🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏देवी चौधरानी देवी चौधरानी उपन्यास में बंकिमचन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय भारतीय स्त्रियों की दुर्दशा को जीवंत रूप दिया है ..प्रफुल्ल उपन्यास की नायिका गरीब लड़की है जिसका विवाह एक सम्पान परिवार में होता है... परंतु गरीबी तथा झूठी अवहा के कारण उसे घर से निकाल दिया जाता है...यह उपन्यास नारी की गौरव गाथा है, जो ससुराल से निकाल दिए जाने पर भी आजीवन पतिपरायणा रही.इतना ही नहीं डाकुओं के चंगुल में पड़ कर वह डाकू भले ही बन गई हो, पर उस ने कभी डाका नहीं डाला, कभी किसी को सताया नहीं. कालांतर में अपार धनदौलत की मालकिन..हो कर भी उस ने सदैव गरीबों और निस्सहायों का उपकार किया...भले ही वह ससुराल में न रही पर वह पति प्रिया अवश्य थी ...

                JOINT STOCK COMPANY

MEANING

A Joint stock company is an association of many persons who contribute money or money's worth to a common stock and employ it in some trade or business, and who share the profit and loss arising therefrom.

FEATURES OF A COMPANY

1. Separate legal existence : A company has a distinct legal entity independent of its member. It can own property, make contracts and file suits in its own name . Shareholders are not the joint owners of the company's property. A shareholder cannot be held liable for the acts of the company. 

2. Perpetual succession : Perpetual succession means continued existence. A company is a creation of the law and only the law can bring an end to its existence. It's life doesn't depend on the life of its members. It continues to exists even if all its members die.

3. Limited liability : As a company has a separate legal entity, its members cannot be held liable for the debts of the company.

4. Transferability of shares : The capital of a company is divided into parts. Each part is called a share. These shares are generally transferable.

5. Common seal : The name of the company is engraved on its common seal. The common seal is the official signature of the company.

6. Separation of ownership and control : Members have no right to participate directly in the day-to-day management of a company. They elect their representative, called directors, who manage the company's affairs on behalf of the members.

7. Voluntary association : A joint stock company is a voluntary association of certain person s formed to carry out a particular purpose in common. It is an incorporated association.

8. Artificial legal person : A company is an artificial person created by law. It exists only in contemplation of law. It is competent to enter into contracts and to own property in its own name.

9. Corporate finance : The share capital of a company is generally divided into a karge number of shares of small value.

10. Statutory regulation and control : Government exercise control through company law over the management of joint stock companies.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMPANY AND PARTNERSHIP

1. Formation and registration : A company crated by law while partnership is the result of an agreement between the partners.

2. Number of members : The minimum number of partner in partnership firm is two and maximum is 10 in banking business and 20 in other businesses.

3. Legal status : A company has a separate legal entity independent of its members but a partnership firm has no separate legal entity different from its partners.

4. Liabilities of members : In a joint stock company, the liability of every member is usually limited. But in a partnership, partners are jointly and severally liable to an unlimited extend.

5. Winding up : A partnership can be dissolved at any time without any legal formalities. But several legal formalities have to be complied with for the winding up of a company.

OBJECTIVES OF JOINT STOCK COMPANY

1. Rapid industrialisation : Rapid industrialisation of the country is essential to achieve the objectives of the five year plans. Strong infrastructure is necessary for rapid development of industries.

2. Large Scale production : Economic progress is not possible without higher productivity and better quality goods. This requires development and use of sophisticated technology.

3. Better utilisation of resources : Corporate organisations can make better use of a country's resources with the application of modern methods of production and distribution. Optimum utilisation of natural resources is beneficial to society economically.

4. Mobilisation of idle resources : A public limited company can mobilise scattered and small savings of public. These financial resources are invested in industry. In this way corporate organisation seeks to increase the rate of capital formation in a country.

5. Employment generation : Unemployment has become a chronic problem in India. Joint stock company provides direct employment to a large number of people. It creates employment opportunities by developing ancillary industries.

MERITS OF A COMPANY

1. Large capital resources : A joint stock company has widespread appeal to investors of all types. Its capital is divided into shares of small value so that people with limited means can also buy them.

2. Limited liability : The liability of a member of a company is limited to the face value of shares held by him.

3. Continuity of existence : A joint stock company enjoys uninterrupted existence over a long period of time.

4. Efficiency management : A company can employ highly qualified experts in different areas of business management.

5. Transferability of shares : The shares of a public company are listen on the stock exchange so that a member can easily sell his shares.

6. Economies of scale : The company form of business organisation provides tremendous scope for growth and expansion.

7. Goodwill : A company enjoys a good reputation and prestige in the business world.

8. Social advantages : The company form of organisation mobilises scattered savings of the community and channelises them into productive uses.

DEMERITS OF A COMPANY

1. Legal formalities : Formation of a company is a time-consuming and expensive process.

2. Lack of motivation : The directors and other officers of a company have little personal involvement in the efficient management of a company.

3. Delay in decisions : Red tape and bureaucracy do not permit quick decisions and prompt action.

4. Economic oligarchy : The management of  a company is supposed to be carried on according to the collective will of its members.

5. Corrupt management : In a company, there is often danger of fraud and misuse of property by dishonesty management.

CAUSES OF POPULARITY OF A COMPANY

1. Accumulation of large funds : No form of organisation can accumulate as much financial resources as a joint stock company.

2. Limited Liability : The liability of a shareholder is limited to the face of shares hold by him.

3. Stability : A company is a separate legal entity. It enjoys a continuous and uninterrupted existence.

4. Transferability of shares : Shares of a public limited company are freely transferable.

5. Divided risk : Risk of loss in a company is divided among a large number of shareholders.

6. Better management : A joint stock company can employ experts to manage its business affairs.

7. Expansion and growth : Company organisation is best suited for large scale business operations.

FOR MORE NOTES PLEASE VISIT INSTAMOJO

                           PARTNERSHIP

The partnership doesn't create a separate legal unit; a partnership is just a grouping of individual. Partnership is thus an extension of sole proprietorship.

FEATURES OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

1. Two or more persons: There must be at least two persons to form a partnership. The maximum number of persons in a partnership should not exceed 10 in case of banking business and 20 in other types of business. A firm cannot become a partner of another firm though its partners can join any other firm as partners.

2. Agreement: Partnership is the outcome of an agreement between persons. The relation of partnership arises from the formation of a contract.

3. Lawful business: A partnership can be formed only for the purpose of carrying on a business.

4. Sharing of profits: The agreement between the partners must be to share the profits of business.

5. Mutual agency: Partnership business can be carried on by all the partners or by any of them acting on behalf of the others.

6. Utmost good faith: The relations between partners are based upon mutual trust and confidence.

7. Unlimited liability: Every partner is jointly and severally liable to an unlimited extend for the debts of the partnership firm.

8. Restriction on transfer of interest: No partner can transfer his share in the partnership without the prior consent of all other partners.

9. Joint ownership and control: A partnership is owned and controlled jointly by all the partners.

10. Separate entity: A partnership firm has no legal entity separate from the partners.

FORMATION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM- PARTNERSHIP DEED

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons. Even the registration of partnership is not compulsory. This relationship is based upon mutual trust and good faith. The agreement between the partners is to carry on a lawful business and to share the profits therefrom. In order to avoid disputes, the agreement should be in writing, Though the law does not require the agreement to be in writing. In the absence of such an agreement the rights and duties of partners are determined by the partnership Act 1932.

PARTNERSHIP DEED

It is a document containing the terms and conditions of a partnership. It defines the rights, duties and obligations of partners and governs relations among them in the conduct of business affairs of the firm. It is not a public document. A written agreement is helpful in preventing and resolving disputes among the partners.

A partnership deed usually contains the following clauses:

1. Name of the Firm.

2. Nature of the firm's business

3. The principal place of business

4. Duration of partnership, if any

5. Names and addresses of partners.

REGISTRATION OF PARTNERSHIP

Registration of a partnership firm is not compulsory under law. The Partnership Act 1932 provides that if the partners so desire they may register the firm with the registrar of firms of the state in which the main office of the firm is situated. A firm may be registered at the time of its formation or at any time thereafter.

PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION

In order to get a partnership firm registered an application in the prescribed form must be filed with the Registrar of firms. The application should contain the following information:

1. The name of the firm

2. The principle place of business of the firm

3. Names of other places where the firm's business is carried on

4. The date on which each partner joined the firm.

5. Duration of partnership, if any.

TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP

There are four kinds of partnership:

1. General Partnership : In a general partnership, the liability of each partner is unlimited. In India all partnership firms are general partnerships. Each partner of a general partnership is entitled to take active part in the management of the firm, unless otherwise decided by the other partners.

2. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) : Limited partnership is not allowed in India under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008. The chief characteristics of a limited liability partnership are as follows:

1. A limited liability partnership must be registered under the Act with a minimum of two partners. There is no limit on the maximum number of partners.

2. An LLP is a body corporate having a separate legal entity and perpetual succession.

3. In an LLP the liability of partners is limited to their agreed contributions to the LLP. No partner is liable on account of any unauthorised or independent actions of other partners.

4. An LLP must maintain annual accounts reflecting the true and fair view of its state and affairs.

ADVANTAGES

1. An LLP is a separate legal entity independent of the partners. It is capable of owing and holding property in its own name.

2. It is much more stable than a general partnership because it is not dissolved by the retirement, insolvency, death, etc. of a partner. It enjoys perpetual existence.

3. The Liability of partners in LLP is limited, they have not to take unlimited risk.

4. A body corporate can be a partner in LLP.

5. A partner is not liable for unauthorised acts of other partners.

DISADVANTAGES

1. It cannot raise capital from the public.

2. There is less secrecy of business affairs as it has to fulfil legal requirements.

3. There is less flexibility of operations due to some legal formalities.

3. PARTNERSHIP AT WILL : It is a partnership formed for an indefinite period. The time period or the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of its formation. It can continue for any length of time depending upon the will of the partners. It can be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit the firm.

4. Particular partnership : It is a partnership formed for a specific time period or to achieve a specified objective. It is automatically dissolved on the expiry of the specified period or on the completion of the specific purpose for which it was formed.

TYPES OF PARTNERS

1. Active or working partner : Such a partner contributes capital and also takes active part in the management of the firm.

2. Sleeping or dormant partner : A sleeping or silent partner simply contributes capital. He does not take active part in the management of the firm. He shares in the profits or losses of the firm. His liability for the firm's debts is unlimited. He is not known to the outside world.

3. Secret partner : This type of partner contributes capital and takes active part in the management of the firm's business. He shares in the profits and losses of firm and his liability is unlimited. However, his connection with the firm is not known to the outside world.

4. Limited partner : The liability of such a partner is limited to the extend of his share in the capital and profits of the firm. He is not entitled to take active part in the management of the firm's business.

5. Partners in the profits only : He shares in the profits of the firm but not in the losses. But his liability for the firm's debts is unlimited. Such a partner is associated for his money and goodwill.

6. Nominal or ostensible or quasi partner : Such a partner neither contributes capital nor takes part in the management in the business. He does not share in the profits or losses of the firm. A nominal partner can be of two types :

(a) Partner by estoppel : A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advance money to the firm on the basis of representation.

(b) Partner by holding out : When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after becoming aware of it, he becomes liable to third parties who lent money or credit to the firm on the basis of such a declaration.

7. Minor as a partner : A  minor is a person who has not completed 18 years of age. A minor cannot become a partner because he is not qualified to enter into a contract.

8. Sub partner : He is a third person with whom a partner agrees to share his profits desired from the firm. He does not take part in the management of the firm. He is not liable for the firm's debts.

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF PARTNERS

The rights and obligation of partners are generally laid down in the partnership deed. In case the partnership deed does not specify them, then the partners will have rights and obligations prescribed in the Partnership Act. These are given below :

RIGHTS OF PARTNERS

1. Right to take part in the conduct and management.

2. Right to be consulted and express his opinion.

3. Right to have access to, inspect and copy any books of accounts.

4. Right to an equal share in the profits.

5. Right to receive interest on loans and advances.

DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF PARTNERS

1. Every partner must act in a just and faithful manner towards each other.

2. Every partner must act within the scope of the authority entrusted to him.

IMPLIED AUTHORITY OF A PARTNER

A partner has the implied authority to do the following acts on behalf of his firm :

1. To buy, sell and pledge goods on behalf of the firm.

2. To raise loans on the security of such assets.

3. To receive payments of debts due to the firm.

4. To engage servants for the firm's business.

However, a partner has no implied authority, unless otherwise expressed in the partnership deed, in the following matters :

1. To submit a dispute relating to the firm to arbitration.

2. To withdraw a suit or proceeding filed on behalf of the firm.

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

A partnership firm may be dissolved in any of the following ways :

1. Dissolution by agreement

2. Dissolution by notice

3. Contingent dissolution : A firm may be dissolved on the happening of any of the following contingencies :

1. On the expiry of the term, if it is for a fixed period.

2. On the death of a partner.

3. On the adjudication of a partner as insolvent.

4. Compulsory dissolution : A firm stands automatically dissolved in the following cases :

1. When all partners or all but one partner are declared insolvent.

2. When the business of the firm becomes unlawful due to the happening of an event.

5. Dissolution through Court : Court may order the dissolution of a firm in the following cases :

1. When a partner becomes of unsound mind.

2. When a partner becomes permanently incapable of performing his duties as a partner.

MERITS OF PARTNERSHIP

1. Ease of formation

2. Larger financial resources

3. Combined abilities and judgement

4. Direct motivation

5. Close supervision

6. Flexibility of operations

7. Secrecy

8. Protection of minority interest

9. Cooperation

10. Scope for expansion

DEMERITS OF PARTNERSHIP

1. Limited Resources

2. Unlimited Liability

3. Uncertain Life

4. Conflicts

5. Risk of implied authority

6. Restriction on transfer of interest

7. Reduced public confidence

8. Lack of secrecy

9. Suitability..

TO BE CONTINUED IN INSTAMOJO BOOK

 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Sole proprietorship is a business which is owned, and usually managed by one person.

CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLE TRADER

The main characteristics of sole proprietorship are the following :

1. Single ownership : A single-owner concern is owned and run by only one person. It is he who takes all the risk of business. He provides both financial capital and manages the business himself.

2. No separate identity : The sole proprietor owns every asset of the business and is liable for every debt or loan. Thus, the owner is identified with the business. He has no separate legal status or entity.

3. Seed capital : Initial finance, called seed capital, is provided by the owner himself from his personal sources.

4. Formation : It is fairly easy to start a sole proprietary concern without undergoing any legal formalities.

5. Risk bearing : The sole proprietor has to bear all the risks associated with his business.

6. Unlimited liability : The owner of a sole proprietor form  of enterprise is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm and this liability is unlimited.

7. Management and control : In the business, management and control are vested in one person.

8. Continuity : The life of a sole tradership firm depends solely upon what happens to its proprietor.

FORMATION OF SOLE TRADER BUSINESS

Sole trader business is started at the initiative of a single individual. He prepares the business plan or the blueprints of his prospective venture and makes arrangement for the necessary finance or seed capital.

OBJECTIVES OF SOLE TRADERING BUSINESS

1. To create self-employment opportunities : Sole trading business gives people an opportunity to create self-employment opportunities by being their own bosses and work with dignity and self-respect by having full-say and complete control over the business as owner-entrepreneur.

2. To fruitfully utilise surplus funds : A person having surplus liquidity may start sole proprietorship business to make productive use of his idle funds.

3. Independent living : Sole trading business offers ample opportunity for a person to make independent living and enjoy the psychic satisfaction and pride of ownership.

4. To serve and please customer : By operating at the grass-root level, a sole trader is involved in direct interaction with his customer.

5. Equity : Sole trading business helps to promote equity or distributive justice by ensuring fair share of income and wealth among a large number of people.

6. Support to large business : Sole proprietorship units supply inputs and provide and ancillary services to big firms as is mostly found in china, Korea and India.

MERITS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Sole proprietorship are the easiest kinds of business to start.

A sole proprietorship concerns offers the following advantages to its owner : 

1. Ease of starting and ending the business : The establishment of a sole tradership concern is fairly easy.

2. Being one's one boss : Working for others does not have the same excitement as working for oneself.

3. Pride of ownership : People who own and manage their own business take pride in their work. They deserve all the credit for taking the risks and supplying necessary goods and services.

4. Leaving a legacy : Owners can leave an ongoing business for future generations.

5. Retention of company profit : Owners not only keep the profits earned, but also benefit from the increasing value as the business grows.

6. No special taxes : All the profits of a sole proprietorship are taxed as the personal income of the owner and the owner pays the normal income tax on that company.

7. Flexibility of operations : Since the proprietor is the sole decision-taker and has no need to consult colleagues when policy are required, this type of organisation is extremely flexible and capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes taking place in market conditions.

8. Maintaining secrecy : It is easy to maintain secrecy in business. The affairs of such business are not made publicly known.

9. Operational efficiency : The strength of this type of organisation lies in the direct personal interest of the proprietor in the efficiency of his enterprise.

10. Self-employment : Sole proprietorship gives self-employment opportunities to persons of modest means having necessary professional skills.

DEMERITS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

1. Unlimited liability : Unlimited liability refers to the responsibility of business owners for all of the debts of the business.

2. Limited financial resources : Another disadvantage of this type of business is the strict limitation on its ability to acquire capital for expansion.

3. Management problems : A business can be efficiently run by professional managers.

4. Huge time commitment : Sole proprietors have little time to do anything else in life due to less overwhelming time commitment for running the business.

5. Few fringe benefits : The sole owner of a firm loses the fringe benefits which often come with working for others.

6. Limited growth : Expansion of a single-owner firm is slow and sporadic.

7. Limited life span : If the sole proprietor dies, become physically unfit, or retires the business ceases to exist.

8. Lack of specialisation : Since the sole trader takes all business decisions without consulting others, there is, at times, excessive pressure on him.

9. Uncertain failure : The future of a sole trader is uncertain.

10. Lack of stability : Finally, sole proprietorship is not a stable form of business for various reasons.

SUTABILITY

The one man control is the best in this world if that man is big enough to manage everything. Therefore, sole proprietorship is suitable form of organisation in the following cases:

(a) Where the market is local.

(b) Where personal attention to the needs and preferences of the customer is essential.

(c) Where fashions change very frequently.

(d) Where small amount of capital is required but personal skills are more important.

(e) Where quick decision and prompt action are necessary.

(f) Where risk involved is negligible.

SOCIAL UTILITY

The sole proprietorship form of business is socially desirable due to following reasons:

(a) It prevents concentration of economic power in few hands through a more equitable distributions of wealth in the society.

(b) It provides opportunity for self employment with limited investment.

(c) It offers employment to a large number of people in society.

(d) It facilitates the growth of cottage and small scale industries.

(e) It facilitates balanced regional development of the country.

EXPANSION OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

1. Employment of paid Assistant- When the sole proprietorship employs a paid assistant, he has the following advantages and disadvantages:

ADVANTAGES

(a) Division of work

(b) No share in profits

(c) Complete control

(d) Secrecy

(e) Easy to dismiss

DISADVANTAGES

(a) Lack of motivation

(b) Lack of responsibility

(c) Problem of capital

(d) Competition

ADMISSION OF A PARTNER

ADVANTAGES

(a) Availability of capital

(b) Division of work

(c) Motivation

(d) Reduced risk

(e) Economy of costs

DISADVANTAGES

(a) Division of profits

(b) Loss of freedom

(c) Lack of secrecy

(d) Difficulty in removing partner

(e) Source of disputes

CAUSES FOR SURVIVAL OF SOLE TRADER

1. Human inertia

2. Personal motivation

3. Desire for independence

4. Nature of market

5. Need for personal attention

6. Nature of manufacturing process

7. ancillary industry

8. Retainer system

 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ORGANISATION

BUSINESS UNDERTAKING

A business undertaking is an organisation which is engaged in some business or commercial activity. It may be owned and controlled by a single individual or by a group of individual or by a group of individuals. It may be based upon an informal agreement or it may be a formal association of persons. Every business undertaking is a separate and distinct unit of business. It has its own  identity and separate ownership. It can be distinguished from other undertakings or on the basis of its ownership, management and control.

CHARACTERSTICS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

Features of business organisations are:-

1. Separate identity : Any type of business undertakings has an identity of its own. It has distinct name and it exists as a separate entity with its own assets and liabilities and thus separate accounts.

2. Independent ownership : A business undertaking is owned by private individuals or the government who are which make initial contribution of capital. Thus, every business firm or company has an independent ownership.

3. Independent management : Every business or undertaking has its own independent management depending on the form of organisation, legal status as also nature and size of business or scale of operation.

4. Risk taking : Any type of business undertaken involves risk. Profit is the reward for risk taking and uncertainty bearing. Some risks are no doubt covered through insurance. Others are borne by the owners. Such risks are known as uninsurable risks or uncertainties.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Business organisations may be classified in broad three categories :-

1. PRIVATE SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : These are financed, owned, operated and controlled by private persons. Their main characteristics are the following :-

(a) Private ownership and control : A private sector undertaking is solely owned and completely controlled by either one individual or a group of individuals jointly.

(b) profit motive : The main motive of this organisation is to earn profit.

(c) No state participation : There is no question of participation by the central or state governments int he ownership and control of any private sector undertaking.

(d) Private finance : The seed capital of a private sector undertaking is provided by its owners, i.e. , by a single person in the case of a sole proprietorship or by the  partner in the case of partnership, and by making public issue of shares and debentures  in the case of  a joint stock company.

(e) Independent management : A private sector undertaking is managed by its owners directly or indirectly, i.e., directly by the owners in the case of sole proprietorship and partnership and indirectly by the board of directors who appoint professional managers who are salaried persons. The board members are appointed by the shareholders who, in turn, appoint or heir the managerial staff.

2. PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : These undertakings are owned either by the central or by state  government. The common characteristics are:-

(a) State ownership : Public undertakings are fully owned by the governments or by any public authority.

(b) Government control : The ultimate control of a public sector undertaking is exercised by the government.

(c) Service motive : The basic objective of a public sector undertaking is to serve the society and promote public welfare with minimum profit.

(d) State financing : The government provides initial capital and funds through appropriations from its budget. The government may also extend loan its own enterprises from the exchequer as and when needed.

(e) Public accountability : Public sector undertakings are accountable to the public for their yearly performance and operational results.

3. JOINT SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS : Joint sector consist of business undertakings wherein the ownership control and management is shared jointly by the central or the state governments and by the private entrepreneurs and occasionally the general public.

The main characteristics of joint sector enterprise are:-

(a) Mixed ownership : The government, private entrepreneurs and the investing public jointly own such enterprise.

(b) Joint management : The management and control of such an enterprise  lies with the nominees or representatives of the government, private investor(s) and the public.

(c) Sharing of capital : The capital is shared by the government, private business persons and the general public in certain proportions as noted above. The basic idea is to pull the huge financial resources and technical know-how of the state private individuals.

4. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP : Public-private partnerships are government services or business ventures that are funded and managed through a partnership of government and one or more private-sector companies. There are two main types of public-private partnerships (ppp) :

(a) GOVERNMENT FUNDED : In these ventures, the government provides all or part of the funding, but the management of the organisation will be by a private business that will use private-sector methods and techniques to control it as efficiently as possible.

(b) PRIVATE-SECTOR FUNDED : In these ventures, which often involve large sums of capital investment, the government is relived of the financial burden of finding taxpayers money to pay for the project. Once the assets have been paid for, they are then managed and controlled by a government department.

FORMS OF PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS

A business can take a number of 'legal' forms such as the following :

1. Sole proprietorship : This type of business is owned and controlled by a single person. Its owner may be the only employee, perhaps operating a small convenience store, barber-shop, or speciality shop. Or, the owner may hire several employees to staff a larger business such as a restaurant, an auto service station, or a home construction enterprise. The sole proprietorship is the most common type of business.

2. joint Hindu family firm : The Hindu undivided Family (HUF) is a form of business organisation in which the family is endowed with some property through inheritance and the 'Karta', the head of the family, manages its day-to-day affairs.

3. Partnership : A partnership business owned and controlled by two or more persons who any parties to a particular agreement. Each of them has a financial interest in the firm.

4. Joint stock company : A joint stock company is a business owned by a group of share holders and its capital is divided up into a number of shares.

5. Cooperative society : A cooperative society is a business, owned and controlled by a group of persons called members such as workers' cooperative, farmers' cooperative or even housing cooperative.

CHOICE OF THE FORM OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

1. Nature and sphere of activities

2. Need for seed capital

3. Scale of operations

4. Ease of stating a business

5. Area of activity

6. Extent of liability

7. Continuity of business

8. Professionalism in management

9. Types of control of business

10. Secrecy of business